Exercise 1.

Read the sentences using correct intonation. Describe the definitions:

a) agreed - inconsistent;

b) widespread - not widespread;

c) isolated - not isolated.

1) The mirror hanging in the wall also survived. 2) Masha, pale and trembling, approached Ivan Kuzmich, knelt down and bowed to the ground. 3) And, gloomier than the black night, he lowered his menacing eyes and began to twirl his gray mustache. 4) The surroundings disappeared into darkness, cloudy and yellowish. 5) I sailed into the distance, full of hope, with a crowd of fearless fellow countrymen. 6) Shabashkin, with a cap on his head, stood with his arms akimbo and proudly looked around him. 7) The quiet valley was dozing, covered in night fog. 8) Vasilisa Egorovna, subdued under the bullets, looked at the steppe, where a lot of movement was noticeable.
(A.S. Pushkin)

Exercise 2.

Write down, Then read these sentences expressively with separate applications. Describe the semantic, grammatical, intonation and punctuation features of isolated applications.

1) My neighbor, a little nervous man, told me a strange story. 2) They, the loons, (are) inaccessible to us l., the day of the battle of life; the thunder of the blows frightens them. 3) It was difficult for me, a man in a tramp’s costume, to call him, a dandy, into a conversation. 4) Memory... this scourge of the (un)dangerous, even revives the stones of the past,
(M. Gorky.)

Exercise 3.

Copy using missing punctuation and underlining definitions and applications. What general condition of isolation does these examples have in common?

1) Short and stocky, he had terrible strength in his hands. 2) Absorbed by his words, I (could not) think about this riddle. 3) (Un)bewildered, puzzled by my companion’s antics, I looked at him and remained silent. 4) It’s nice to look at her calm and strong, like a big deep river. 5) Today she was especially young and impressively beautiful in her new blue sweatshirt.
(M. Gorky)

Exercise 4.

Read it. Establish in which cases common definitions are participial phrases, and in which they are adjectives with dependent words. Compose and write sentences with these definitions so that in one case they are isolated, and in the other - not isolated.

Driven by a strong wind. Full of ripe berries. Joyfully amazed at her discovery. Passionate about reading. Similar to giants. Overgrown with weeds. Dotted with millions of stars. Moonlit.

Exercise 5.

Copy by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks. Graphically indicate defined words and common definitions.

1) A blue calm lake in a deep frame of mountains covered with eternal snow, the dark lace of gardens descends in lush folds towards the water. 2) From the door.. of a white house crowded with.. hillsides, an ancient old man comes out (to) meet the sun. 3) In the sacred silence..the sun does not rise and from the..mine of the island a bluish fog, saturated with the sweet..smell..of golden flowers, rises into the sky. 4) The sky, torn apart by lightning, trembled, stung and the steppe was then all flaring up with blue fire, then plunging into the cold, heavy and cramped darkness that terribly narrowed it. 5) The waves of the sea are chained (n, nn) ​​in the gr..nit, suppressed (n, nn) ​​by the enormous weights..sl..mi..mi along its ridges..b there. 6) On both sides of the fireplace there are ficus trees with meager leaves. 7) A stream of smoke wafted into the night air, full of moisture and freshening, of the sea. 8) The boat swayed on the waves..swimmingly..slipping against its sides. It barely moved through the dark sea, but it played more and more quickly. 9) The silence was interrupted by the sounds of the song that came from the river. 10) The grass, bent by the blows of the wind and rain, lay on the ground.
(M. Gorky)

Exercise 6.

Correct errors in the use of separate definitions.

1) The trees that grow in the alley and decorate the park were very young. 2) The guys rush to the river, having arrived at the dacha. 3) I was very happy with the Eton five, which I received for the first time in my life. 4) The person who entered was dressed in a wolf sheepskin coat, overgrown with a beard. 5) If a person knows the area well, he will never get lost. 6) A ray of sunshine illuminated the falling leaves from the trees. 7) Ivy, which climbs along the wall, decorates the room and pleases the eye.

Exercise 7.

Copy by inserting missing punctuation marks. Underline isolated inconsistent definitions and defined words. Read each sentence, using correct intonation.

1) An argument and chatter is heard, a child screams furiously, the train knocks and rumbles, and a soldier in a new cotton shirt and black tie sits above the sleeping people on his chest. 2) Wonderful butterflies in chintz motley dresses and in Japanese outfits and in black and purple velvet shawls flew into the living room, 3) This room with windows to the west and north occupied almost half of the entire house, 4) The mirror reflection of the sea played in you In the tires of the pine trees, dry and hard resin flowed along the bark, more transparent than glass.
(I. Bunin)

Exercise 8.

First write down sentences with isolated non-common applications, and then sentences with isolated common applications. Explain the conditions of separation.

1) One of the coachmen, a very tall man, got out of the sleigh and silently untied his troika. (L.N. Tolstoy) 3) And there, on a pillow of bright sand under the shadow of thick reeds, sleeps the knight, the prey of a jealous wave. (M. Lermontov) 3) The mighty lion, the threat of the forests, has lost its strength. (I. Krylov) 4) My owner, the doctor, was an always busy, silent man. (Yu. Kazakov) 5) It’s good that he, Terkin, ended up in our company. (A. Tvardovsky)

Exercise 9.

Transform sentences so that predicates become common applications. Indicate the grammatical basis of the sentences and. specify applications.

Sample. Moscow- capital of Russia . Moscow, the capital of Russia, celebrates City Day.

1) Circumstance - minor member, sentences. 2) The forest is our wealth. 3) Greed is one of the human vices. 4) The face is the mirror of the soul. 5) The river is a source of energy. 6) Reading is the best learning. 7) My sister is a lawyer. 8) Russian language is one of the richest languages ​​in the world. 9) Fiction is the art of words. 10) Children are the future of the country.

Exercise 10.

Make sentences with these words using them as:

a) a separate application;

b) non-separate application;

c) the nominal part of the predicate;

d) subject;

d) appeal.

Write down the sentences, explain their semantic, intonation and punctuation differences.

1) A wonderful Russian artist. 2) Favorite children's writer. 3) A reliable friend. 4) An interesting conversationalist, 5) President of a joint venture.

Exercise 11.

Who is better? Copy by inserting two common definitions after the words being defined. Explain punctuation marks.

1) Acacia, ____ and ____, cast a transparent shadow on the fountain. The acacia cast a transparent shadow on the fountain, ___ and ___. 2) The lights, ___ and ___, burned brightly in the night sky. The lights burned brightly in the night sky, ___ and ___3) The wind, ___ and ___, moved the young leaves. The wind moved the young leaves, ___ and ___. 4) The grass, ___ and ___, was covered with large drops of dew. The grass was covered with large drops of dew, ___ and ___.

Exercise 12.

Read the sentences out loud, watching the intonation of isolation. Explain what these sentences have in common. Write them down, commenting on the placement of punctuation marks.

1) The owner of the dacha was sitting on the porch, wearing an untucked shirt, smoking. (V. Inber) 2) Anisim, in a black frock coat with a red cord instead of a tie, thought, looking at one point. (A. Chekhov)3) Alena, with cheeks red from the heat, ran into the garden, then into the house, then into the cellar. (A. Chekhov)4) Next to the woman stood a blond and very serious boy, barefoot and without a hat. (K. Paustovsky) 5) Square, broad-chested, with a huge curly head, he appeared in the evening. (M. Gorky)

Exercise 13.

Read, indicate separate applications. Explain the conditions for their isolation.

1) And at night the winds, heralds of the coming cold, walk across the heights of the starry sky, stealthily rummaging through the gardens (Sholokhov). 2) She was preparing for a test in general therapy - the subject she loved most (Bondarev). 3) We, teachers, were afraid of Belikov (Chekhov). 4) The remaining brothers, Martyn and Prokhor, are similar to Alexei (Sholokhov) to the smallest detail. 5) Of course, as a kind person, he loved people more than he did not love (L. Tolstoy). 6) The owner of the workshop was a German, named Förster (N. Ostrovsky). 7) It seemed to him that he was in love with Shumikhina’s cousin and guest, Anna Fedorovna (Chekhov).

Exercise 14.

Rewrite using missing punctuation marks. Provide applications and defined words.

1) People, men and women, carried out the remains of property through the main doors (Fadeev). 2) My flow is not straight like six centuries ago (Starshinov). 3) It was beautiful in the open steppe this dawn (Fadeev). 4) One of the myths of Ancient Greece tells about Laocoon, a Trojan priest who violated the will of the gods. 5) The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist (Fedin). 6) It was Alexander Timofeevich or simply Sasha, a guest who arrived from Moscow ten days ago (Chekhov). 7) Sometimes Ilyusha, like a playful boy, just wants to rush in and redo everything himself (Goncharov). 8) Ermolai had a pointer dog named Valetka (Turgenev). 9) As a true artist, Pushkin did not need to choose poetic objects for his works, but for him all objects were equally filled with poetry (Belinsky).

Test on the topic “Separate definitions and applications”

1. Isolated members of a sentence are called:

1) members of the sentence related to the same member of the sentence, answering the same question, performing the same syntactic function;
2) members of the sentence, distinguished by meaning and intonation;
3) all members of the sentence, except the subject and predicate.

2. The definition expressed by the participial phrase is isolated when it is found:

1) before the word being defined;
2) after the word being defined;
3) anywhere in the sentence.

3. Definitions and applications related to the personal pronoun are separated if they are found:

1) before a pronoun;
2) anywhere in a sentence;
3) after the pronoun.

4. Definitions and applications preceding the word being defined are separated if:

1) they are common;
2) they have additional circumstantial meaning;
3) they are consistent.

5. Applications with HOW are separated if:

1) how can you replace “as”;
2) how can I replace it?
3) always.

6. Indicate a sentence with a separate definition:

1) Birds are either sleeping or dozing.
2) The road winds between two tracks overgrown with green grass.

7. Explain the placement of commas in the sentence: There was a field all around, lifeless, dull.

1) the definition comes after the word being defined;
2) the definition is always isolated.

8. Explain the placement of a comma in a sentence: Captivated by the excitement of the hunt, I ran through the dense bush.

1) the definition refers to a personal pronoun;
2) the definition comes before the word being defined.

9. Explain the placement of a comma in a sentence: Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern.

1) the definition comes before the word being defined;
2) the definition has an additional circumstantial meaning.

10. Specify an offer with a separate application:

1) Zhelna, this black bird with a fiery head, squeaked pitifully somewhere.
2) Soft and silvery, it merged with the blue southern sky.

11. Indicate a sentence that requires a comma before HOW:

1) He now works (1) as a technician.
2) Of course (1) as a kind person, he loved people more than he did not love.

12. Indicate the sentence where the highlighted words are separated by commas:

1) Full of thought, I once walked along the high road.
2) Stems of dried grass ringing in the wind cover the wild steppe.

13. Indicate where commas should be placed:

The steppe (1) that is (2) a treeless and endless plain (3) surrounded us on all sides.
1) 1, 3. 2) 2, 3. 3) 1, 2.

14. Indicate the way to express the definition in a sentence:

Fountains like sugar loaves splashed on the water. (V. Trenev)


with dependent words

15. Indicate the way to express the definition in a sentence:

The farewell sounds of a waltz could be heard from the loudspeaker installed above the captain's bridge. (I. Grebenyuk)
1) Separate non-widespread definition
2) A separate definition expressed by an adjective

4) A separate definition expressed by a participial phrase

16. Indicate the type of definition in the sentence:

The forester’s grandson Vanya Malyavin, a boy of about fifteen, loved to listen to our conversations. (K. Paustovsky)
1) Separate common definition
2) Standalone distributed application
3) A separate definition expressed by an adjective
4) Non-separated non-distributed application

17. Indicate the way to express the definition in a sentence:

The grass, juicy, fresh, was full of large golden-yellow flowers. (Z. Sorokin)
1) Separate definition
2) Separate definitions expressed by participles
3) Isolated non-common definitions expressed by adjectives
4) Dedicated applications

18. Indicate the type of definition in the sentence:

A lodger from the second floor, engineer Gusev, an avid hunter and fisherman, approached the guys. (E. Kokovin)
1) Non-separated applications
2) Separate definition
3) Isolated definitions expressed by adjectives
4) Dedicated applications

19. Indicate the type of definition in the sentence:

Amazed, Uvarov could not tear his surprised gaze away from Akim. (M. Alekseev)

2) Separate undistributed application
3) Separate non-widespread definition
4) Separate common definition

20. Indicate the way to express the definition in a sentence:

The young willow tree, with green overhanging branches, trembled from the blows of the swell. (V. Korolenko)
1) A separate definition expressed by a participial phrase
2) A separate agreed definition expressed by an adjective with dependent words
3) A separate definition expressed by an adjective
4) Separate inconsistent definition

21. Indicate the type of definition in the sentence:

Vityuten, a common visitor to our central forests, is twice the size of an ordinary pigeon. (E. Dubrovsky)
1) Standalone distributed application
2) Separate inconsistent definition
3) A separate definition expressed by an adjective
4) A separate agreed definition expressed by an adjective with dependent words

22. Indicate the way to express definitions in a sentence:

They dug a trench on the densely forested slopes of the hills stretching along the valley of the Svetlaya River. (L. Knyazev)
1) Non-standalone application
2) Non-separate definition
3) Separate definitions expressed by participial phrases
4) Separate and non-separate definitions, expressed by participial phrases

1. Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of adjectives are usually isolated, since their meaning is close to the weakened predicate; they usually come after the word they are defining and have dependent words, for example: Short beard slightly darker hair slightly shaded the lips and chin. (ACT.)

2. Definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, as a rule, come after the words being defined.

They are usually not isolated, combining with the defined word into a naming phrase, for example: Find a lady there in a gray hat with a white bird and tell me I'm here. (Ch.) They stand out if they only complement and clarify the idea of ​​an already known object or person, for example:

The mother came out majestically, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around her neck.(M.G.) Defined noun mother denotes an already known person, the definitions only complement our idea of ​​the mother at the moment; therefore the definitions are separate.

Definitions expressed by nouns in indirect cases are usually separated when they relate to personal pronouns and proper names: Today she in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful. (M. G.) Ferapontov, in a vest, in a cotton shirt, stood at a bench overlooking the street. (L.T.)

Personal pronouns indicate a person already known from the previous presentation. Proper names accurately designate a person or thing in order to distinguish it from a number of similar ones.

Finally, definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns are usually isolated:

a) when they follow separate definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, for example: This trotting man skinny, with a stick in his hand, sparkled and smoked, blazing with an insatiable greed for playing with business (M. G.);

b) when they stand in front of these definitions and are connected with them by coordinating conjunctions, for example: Poor guest with a torn hem and scratched to the point of bleeding, I soon found a safe corner. (P.)

Exercise 97. Put the definitions together with the words that depend on them (where they exist) so that they are isolated, and write. Insert the missing letters.

1) The road lined with trees winds around the mountain. 2) The sun rose above the mountains and burned away the sun that was still lying in the shadow. 3) There was a cart harnessed by two oxen in the yard. 4) The stream flowed silently around the half-naked trees in autumn. 5) All the walls were full of pictures cut out from magazines. 6) His long thick hair h... hid the bulges of his spacious skull.

98. Write it off. Explain punctuation; Explain the spelling of endings of adjectives and participles.

1) She met her son with joy, unexpected for him. (M.G.) 2) And on the deserted seashore there was nothing left in memory of the little drama that played out between two people. (M.G.) 3) Her questions, loud and clear, seemed to wake people up. (M.G.) 4) On a gentle Indian summer day, Artamonov, tired and angry, went out into the garden. (M.G.) 5) Large trees, devoid of branches below, rose from the water, muddy and black. (A.N.T.) 6) Pale, he was lying on the floor, holding a pistol in his right hand. (L.) 7) The detachment that left early in the morning had already covered four miles. (L.T.) 8) Shattered by the night storm, the sea turned white with white caps all the way to the horizon. 9) At the sight of Kalinovich, the footman, rather stupid in appearance, but in a livery with braid, stretched out into a duty position. (Writing.) 10) The whole village, quiet and thoughtful, with willows, elderberries and rowan trees looking out from the courtyards, had a pleasant appearance. (Ch.)

11) Barefoot, wearing only a shirt, she quickly went downstairs. (M.G.) 12) One of the Cossacks, dusty and on a sweaty horse, spoke. ("L. T.) 13) Varvara Pavlovna, in a hat and shawl, hastily returned from her walk. (T.) 14) In a white dress, with unbraided braids over her shoulders, she quietly approached the table. (M.G.) 15) In front of me, in a long blue overcoat, stood an old man of average height, with white hair, an amiable smile and beautiful blue eyes. (T.)

99. Read, indicate separate and non-separated definitions; explain why the definitions are separate; then copy it down, inserting missing letters and punctuation marks

1) The holy new month first... went beyond the mountains. 2) The soft steps of people who were not wearing boots were approaching. 3) The soldiers now not only heard but also saw two shadows passing in the flight between the trees. 4) Hadji Murad restrained his white horse, which was breathing heavily and turned gray with sweat, and stopped. 5) One of the people sitting by the fire quickly stood up and approached Hadji Murad. 6) Hadji Murat took out one of the khozyrs, took out a bullet plugging him... and from under the bullet a note rolled up in a tube. 7) Hadji Murad raised his head and looked at the sky in the east, already glowing through the tree trunks, and asked the murid who was sitting at a distance from him about Khan Magom. 8) He was awakened by the cheerful voice of Khan Magoma returning with Batu from his embassy. 9) The sun was shining and on the newly blossoming foliage and on the young virgin grass and on the shoots of grain and on the ripples of the fast river visible to the left of the road.

(L.N. T o l s t o y.)

100. Write it down using punctuation marks. Fill in the missing letters and explain their spelling.

IN THE STANITSIA

It was business time. The entire population of the villages swarmed with watermelon melon fields and vineyards. Along the dusty road leading to the gardens were creaking carts topped with black grapes. Brushes lay scattered on the dusty road, crushed by the wheels. Boys and girls in shirts stained with grape juice with brushes in their hands and mouths ran after their mothers. The mamuki, tied with scarves up to their eyes, led the bulls harnessed to carts piled high with grapes. There was a stench in the air above the gardens. The warm strong wind passing through the branches did not bring coolness but only monotonously bent the tops of the pear and mulberry trees scattered throughout the gardens. Working time had already begun two weeks ago, and hard and... constant work occupied the whole life of the young girl. But as soon as the dawn had died down, she was already walking into the hut and, having had dinner in the dark hut with her father, mother and brother, the carefree, healthy woman entered the hut, sat down on the stove and half-asleep listened to the conversation of the guest. Sometimes she was affectionate, but for the most part, every look, every word, every movement of her expressed this indifference that was not appalling, but subdued and enchanting.

(According to L.N. T o l s t o m u.)

101. Write it down using punctuation marks. Underline isolated definitions. Fill in the missing ones n or nn.

Behind the house there was an old garden, already wild, drowned out by weeds and bushes. I walked along the terrace, still strong and beautiful; through the glass... door one could see a room with a parquet floor, which must have been a living room. All that remained of the former flower beds were peonies and poppies, which raised their white and bright red heads from the grass; Along the paths, stretching out and interfering with each other, grew young maples and elms already plucked by cows. It was dense, and the garden seemed impenetrable, but this was only near the house, where pine poplars and old linden trees of the same age still stood, surviving from the previous alleys, and further beyond them the garden was cleared for haymaking. The further inland, the more spacious, and already there were growing cherry plums, spreading apple trees disfigured by supports and old pears so tall that you couldn’t even believe that they were pears. The garden, thinning out more and more, turning into a real meadow, descended to the river overgrown with green reeds and willows; near the mill dam there was a deep and fishy stretch, a small mill was making an angry noise, frogs were croaking furiously. On the water, smooth as a mirror, circles occasionally moved and river lilies trembled, disturbed by cheerful fish. The quiet reach beckoned, promising coolness and peace.

(A.P. Chekhov.)

102. Write down by inserting isolated definitions placed in brackets, coordinating them with the nouns to which they should be attributed in meaning. Place commas.

1) Dark blue patches of sky sparkled tenderly between the clouds (decorated with gold specks of stars). 2) The air was saturated with the pungent smell of the sea and the oily fumes of the earth. (shortly before evening, heavily soaked by rain).

3) A wide cloud began to grow and appear from behind the tops of the trees (which had long been lying like a leaden veil on the very edge of the sky). 4) Desert surrounding hillocks sparkle (showered with swan's down of young snow). 5) Lukashka sat somewhat sideways on his well-fed bay horse (stepping lightly along the hard road and throwing up his beautiful head with glossy thin withers). 6) After driving a few steps, they saw a Cossack (sitting behind a sandy hillock and loading a gun).

Segregation of applications.

1. A common application is always isolated if it refers to a common noun or pronoun. If it refers to a proper name, then it stands apart when it stands behind it.

In all these cases, the application is, as it were, a weakened secondary predicate.

EXAMPLES. Light rain harbinger of autumn, sprinkles the ground. (M.G.) Unluckily faithful sister, hope in a gloomy dungeon will awaken vigor and joy. (P.) I, your old matchmaker and godfather, I came to make peace with you. (Kr.)

4) A. S. Pushkin, great Russian poet, born in Moscow. (Wed: Great Russian poet A. S. Pushkin was born in Moscow.)

2. A proper name (common and uncommon), standing after a common noun, is isolated if it serves for clarification. In this case, it is sometimes added using the words by name, by nickname, by nickname, nickname and so on.

EXAMPLES. My father, Andrey Petrovich Grinev, served under Count Minich. (P.) With the second boy, Pavlushi, the hair was tousled. (T.) One of Troekurov’s hounds. named Paramoshka, I was offended by Dubrovsky’s words.

3. An uncommon application, expressed by a common noun, is isolated in the following cases:

1) If it refers to a personal pronoun, for example:

Good guy,he could not refuse anyone's request. We, artillerymen, They were busy around the guns. (L.T.)

Note: The defined personal pronoun may be absent: Eka, slacker, how he paints! (G.)(Application slacker refers to the missing pronoun he.)

2) If it refers to proper nouns and comes after them, for example: There was a captain, a lieutenant, and Onisim Mikhailovich, sergeant major(L.T.)

Note: The application preceding the proper name is isolated only when it has an additional adverbial meaning (causal) and at the same time explains the predicate, for example: Between those village mechanic , Zaretsky condemned the millstone (P.)(i.e. “being a village mechanic...”).

3) If it refers to a common noun, widespread with explanatory words, for example: Here, on a wide street, they met General Zhukov’s cook, old man.(Ch.)

If both the application and the word it explains are common nouns and do not have dependent words, then they merge in meaning and in pronunciation as if into one word and in writing they are combined with a d eph and som, for example: And here she goes winter sorceress.(P.) The street winds - snake. (V.M.)

In some cases, the common noun that comes after the proper noun also merges with it as if into one word and a d eph and som is added in writing, for example:

Go to the courtyard hut, or else to Agrafena- housekeeper. (T.) Stenka Razin went to Astrakhan- city. (P.)

Note: A hyphen is not placed if the application denoting profession, title, social affiliation, etc., refers to the words citizen And comrade: citizen judge, comrade professor. The names of classes of objects or creatures with the names of the types of these objects and creatures are also written separately: shark fish, Poltava wheat.

4. Applications attached by the union How, are isolated if they indicate a reason, for example: Pine, like a resinous tree, difficult to rot. (A.) (Pine, since she is a resinous tree, is difficult to rot.)

Separate applications are separated by commas or dashes: In the hut, singing, the maiden spins, and, winter nights friend, a splinter crackles in front of her. (P.) Senior officer - brave elderly Cossack with stripes for long-term service- He commanded to “form up”. (Shol.)

Note: Instead of commas, a common application may use a dash in the following cases:

1) If before the application a conjunction can be implied without changing the meaning of speech namely: Prime Directive - improving product quality- runs successfully.

2) If the application is at the end of the sentence and is joined as would be in in order of addition to what has been said: With I had a cast iron teapot - My only joy is traveling around the Caucasus.(L.)

3) If there are several applications, to establish the line between applications and the noun being defined: The fiercest scourge of heaven, nature's horror - Pestilence is raging in the forests. (Kr.)

4) If the application belongs to one of the homogeneous members, so as not to confuse applications with the homogeneous member: My grandmother and my brother were sitting in the room. - five-year-old Petya, sister Nina and me.

Exercise 103. Write it off. Explain punctuation marks.

1) My little black sister Lyubochka was sitting in front of the piano. (L.T.) 2) The owner of the sakli, Sado, was a man of about forty. (L.T.) 3) Malasha, a six-year-old girl, remained in the hut. (L.T.) 4) He thought about his life in comparison with the life of Ivan Matveevich, the captain. (L.T.) 5) Vladimir recognized Arkhip the blacksmith. (P.) 6) Teenage girls on the other corner of the square were already dancing in circles. (L.T.) 7) Her father, a botanist, was sent to the Canary Islands and died there. (M.G.) 8) Marya Vasilievna, together with her son, a six-year-old handsome, curly-haired boy, met Hadji Murat in the living room. (L.T.) 9) He laid out a new garden and a new building, a building for the courtyard. (L.T.) 10) We, doctors, are amazed by this truly limitless patience. (BUT.) 11) I quarreled with Alexei Ivanovich, and I ask him, Ivan Ignatich, to be my second. (P.) 12) This student, named Mikhalevich, an enthusiast and poet, sincerely fell in love with Lavretsky. (T.) 13) Olenin looked at Vanyusha only as a servant. (L.T.)

104. Write it down using punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

1) Funny, fussy jumper Uncle Alexey. 2) Her cozy home is filled with her daughter’s friends, girls from the best families in the city. 3) The second son Yakov, round and ruddy, looked like his mother. 4) The fat coachman Yakim, a meek man, gently and timidly calms the horses. 5) My cousin works there as a foreman. 6) In the far corner there was a yellow... yellow spot of fire in Seraphim’s apartment. 7) Just five years ago he, a handsome, healthy man, came to the factory with his lively wife. 8) Pomyalov and Voropaev just...t me to persuade you brothers to sell them the factory. 9) In the gray clouds... beyond the Moscow River, lightning flashed. 10) In anger... thunder, a sharp demon, he has been hearing fatigue for a long time.

(From the works of M. G o r k o g o.)

§ 80. Isolation of circumstances expressed by gerunds.

Participles denote additional actions that explain the main action or state expressed by the predicate. The relationship between an action expressed by a predicate, on the one hand, and an action expressed by a gerund, on the other hand, may be different. These relations are close to those that exist between the predicates of the main and subordinate clauses, and in some cases between homogeneous predicates in a simple sentence. A gerund, alone or with dependent words, can denote a preceding action, for example: croaked , a group of black crows flew away. (P.) May indicate a simultaneous action, for example: Boy, looking out the carriage window, smiled happily. In these cases, the gerunds answer the question when? and are circumstances of the time. A gerund or adverbial phrase can express an action that is the cause of the main action, for example: Vasilisa Egorovna left me alone, seeing my persistence. In this example, the participial phrase answers the question why? and is a circumstance of the cause.

A participle can denote the method (image) of the main action, for example: Trezor ran ahead, wagging his tail.(BUT.) Here the participial phrase answers the question

How? how? and is a circumstance of the course of action.

The participle can have other meanings. Approaching in meaning to the predicate of a subordinate clause or to a homogeneous predicate, single participles and with dependent words, as a rule, are isolated and highlighted in writing with commas: 1) Leaning on the velvet box, the girl did not move. (T.) 2) She sat by the window turning away, and seemed pale. (T.) 3) Tchertophanov, without stopping and without looking back, walked with long strides. (T.)

The independence of the participle is indicated by the fact that it can be attached, like a subordinate clause, with a comparative conjunction, for example: The invisible stream chattered peacefully with iridescent and echoing sounds, as if flowing into an empty bottle.(T.)

Note: After the union And there is no pause before the participial phrase (or participle), and a comma is placed to show the beginning of the participial phrase in writing: 1) Khor sat down on the bench and, calmly stroking his curly beard, entered into conversation with me. (T.) 2) Hadji Murat stopped throwing down the reins, And, Unfastening the rifle case with the usual movement of his left hand, He took it out with his right hand. (L.T.)

A gerund is not isolated when it merges with a predicate verb into one semantic whole. For example, in the sentence Nikonov walked bending your back(M.G.) what the author wants to say is not that Nikonov walked but what he walked with a bent back.

2. A group of homogeneous members consisting of a gerund and an adverb connected by a coordinating conjunction is not isolated, for example: 1) Klim Samgin walked down the street cheerfully and without giving way to oncoming people.(M.G.) 2) He answered him without embarrassment and frankly. (Room.)

3. Single adverbial participles that are directly adjacent to the predicate and that have meaning as circumstances of the manner of action are not isolated, for example: 1) You also enter the hall dancing(L.T.) (dancing, i.e. fun, with movements reminiscent of dancing). 2) Classes were supposed to last until two o'clock. without interruption(L.T.) (without interruption, i.e. nonstop). 3) Why, sir, are you crying? Live for a while laughing(Gr.) (laughing, i.e. without worries, fun). In this case, the participles begin to acquire the meaning of adverbs. (Wed: We started playing in the towns, after taking a swim, Where after bathing - participle, adverbial tense.)

In some cases, gerunds and adverbial phrases are finally transformed into adverbs or into integral adverbial combinations that are not isolated, for example: reluctantly, lying, standing, sitting; arms folded, sleeves down, headlong, mouth agape.

EXAMPLES. 1) He began to repair the feathers, yes sitting fell asleep. (T.) 2) Gregory is standing lowering my head.(N.)

Note: If the adverbial participle is preceded by an adversative conjunction A, which refers to this gerund, then a comma is not placed between the conjunction a and the gerund, for example: He didn’t think about meeting Sofia Antonovna, but when he unexpectedly ran into her at the entrance to the theater, he was confused.

Exercise 105. Read it. Explain punctuation marks. Indicate the meaning of the gerunds. Explain the combined and separate spelling of a particle Not .

1) Swinging a silver ax in the sun, he deftly trimmed the stake and hummed quietly. 2) He left reluctantly, shuffling heavily. 3) Squealing and laughing, the girls jostled and ran into the garden and, surrounding the table with a bright wreath of sundresses, sang greatness. Peter smiled cautiously, glancing at the girls and tugging at his ear. 4) He spoke without worry and, remembering suitable proverbs, generously lubricated his speech with the fat of wisdom. 5) Baymakov listened, silently looking into the corner. 6) Thoughts bothered him, suddenly appearing at inconvenient hours, attacking him while he was working. 7) Yakov Artamonov walked slowly, with his hands in his pockets, holding a stick under his arm. 8) Zinaida walked behind the coffin, frowning, but without tears. 9) You can live without showing off your intelligence, without these conversations. 10) A golden web flutters in the air, weaving into transparent patterns of flame, and freezes, admiring its beauty reflected in the water.

(M. Gorky.)

106. Write it down using punctuation marks; Underline the participles along with dependent words (if any); verbally indicate which additional actions are indicated by the gerunds.

The sun was setting behind the mound. The bitter wormwood smell of the mown steppe intensified in the evening but became softer and more desirable, having lost the midday suffocating pungency. The heat has subsided. The bulls walked willingly, and the fresh dust whipped up by their hooves on the bed rose and settled on the bushes of the roadside tartar. The tops of the tartar tree with blossoming crimson tops shone fieryly. Bumblebees circled above them. Lapwings flew to a distant steppe pond, calling to each other. Daria lay face down on the swaying cart, leaning on her elbows, occasionally glancing at Natalya. She, thinking about something, looked at the sunset, copper-red reflections wandered on her calm, clean face.

(M. Sh o l o h o v.)

107. Read, indicate from which work of M. Gorky this excerpt was taken. Indicate sentences with adverbial phrases and the meaning of these phrases. Copy using missing punctuation marks. Insert the missing letters.

Preening himself and tugging at his yellow shirt, the Gypsy carefully walked out into the middle of the kitchen as if following the nails... The guitar was ringing madly, the heels were knocking loudly on the table and the dishes were rattling in the closet, and in the middle of the kitchen the fire was blazing. The Gypsy was flying like a kite, waving his arms like wings, moving imperceptibly legs; Whooping, he crouched down...he fell to the floor and...thrashed around like a golden haircut, illuminating everything around with the shine of silk, and the silk shuddering and...

flowing as if it was warming and melting...

Suddenly she [the grandmother] stood up young, straightened her skirt, straightened up, threw up her heavy head and walked around the kitchen... Uncle jumped up, stretched out, closed his eyes and began to play more slowly;

The gypsy stopped for a minute and jumped up and squatted around the grandmother, and she floated on the floor silently, as if through the air, spreading her arms, raising her eyebrows, looking somewhere into the distance with dark eyes... The grandmother was not dancing, but as if she was telling something. Here she walks, quietly thinking, swaying, looking around from under her arm, and her whole large body sways, hesitantly, her legs feel the road carefully. She suddenly stopped, frightened by something, her face trembled, frowned and immediately began to smile with a kind, welcoming smile. She rolled to the side, giving way to someone, moving someone away with her hand; lowering her head, froze, listening, smiling more and more cheerfully - and suddenly she was torn from her place, spun like a whirlwind, she became slimmer, taller, and it was impossible to take your eyes off her: she became so wildly beautiful and sweet in those minutes a wonderful return to youth!

(M. Gorky.)

§ 81. Isolation of circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions.

The isolation of circumstances expressed by nouns with prepositions is caused by the following reasons: the meaning of the circumstance, the presence of explanatory words in the circumstance, its position before the predicate and the intention of the speaker. The circumstance of the manner of action and the circumstance of place are isolated less frequently than the circumstances of cause and concession. Circumstances that are widespread with explanatory words are isolated more often than non-circumstances, for example: 1) Peter In the evening went to see a friend. 2) Peter, after he received a decisive refusal, he went into his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, he wept bitterly. (L.T.) In the case of isolation, common circumstances in meaning and pronunciation are close to subordinate clauses.

1. The circumstance with a preposition is always isolated and set off with commas despite, having a concessional meaning, for example: Despite all my efforts, I couldn't sleep. (T.)

2. The isolation of other circumstances depends on stylistic objectives and on the intention of the author. Authors usually isolate them if they attach special significance to them or, conversely, consider them as incidental remarks, for example: Cruisers, due to lack of space in the bay, stayed on the open sea. (New-Pr.)

The following circumstances are particularly common:

a) circumstances and reasons for words thanks to, as a result of, in view of, for lack of, according to, by chance, by virtue of and etc.;

b) acquisitive circumstances with a pretext contrary to;

c) circumstances of words with words if present, if absent and etc.

EXAMPLES: 1) Old and gray-bearded Janusz, for lack of an apartment, took refuge in one of the castle's basements. (Cor.) 2) If the weather is favorable, Tomorrow we are leaving for Kazan. 3)Contrary to my companion's prediction, the weather has cleared. (L.)

Isolation of additions.

Of the additions, very few are isolated, namely the following:

a) additions with prepositions except, besides, excluding etc., denoting items excluded from a number of other items: All, except for his wife, they consider him guilty of everything (M.G.);

b) additions with prepositions besides, over, including, except, denoting items included in a number of other items: Besides Velenchuk, Five more soldiers were warming themselves near the fire.(L. T.)

Exercise 108. Find the circumstances, indicate what these circumstances are, how they are expressed, and think about why they are isolated or not isolated. Write down examples with isolated circumstances, underline the prepositions in them.

1) The forests, despite the tropical heat, were not distinguished by tropical lushness. (New-Pr.) 2) I was traveling by mail, and he, due to the heavy luggage, could not follow me. (L.)

3) My Cossack, contrary to orders, was fast asleep. (L.)

4) Savelich, in agreement with the coachman’s opinion, advised to turn back. (P.) 5) Despite the abundance of bustle in the store and work at home, I seemed to fall asleep in severe boredom. (M.G.) 6) For a long time nothing was visible except the rain and a long man lying on the sand by the sea. (M.G.) 7) No one, except the valet, saw him without powder. (T.) 8) In addition to his handsome and pleasant appearance, he had good manners. (T.)

109. Write it down using punctuation marks. Explain spelling Not And neither.

1) The occupation of hunter Noskov could not be known to anyone except you and me. (M.G.) 2) In addition to the useful, Safron also cared about the pleasant. (T.) 3) Instead of the previous gullibility, confusion appeared in her. (T.) 4) Everyone got up and went to the terrace with the exception of Gedeonovsky. (T.) 5) Everyone, not excluding the coachman himself, came to their senses only when a carriage with six horses ran at them. (G.) 6) I think there are no such days anywhere except in Russia in the month of September. 7) When she came to the gathering instead of Osip, she began to scold. (Ch.) 8) Despite all my efforts, I couldn’t fall asleep. (T.) 9) Due to the lack of a room for travelers at the station, we were given overnight accommodation in a smoky hut. (L.) 10) Pyotr Vasilyevich loved to have guests and treat them despite the meagerness of his funds. (T.) 11) Verochka’s small bedroom overlooked the garden, and apart from her clean crib, a washing table with a mirror and one chair, there was no furniture in it. (T.)

Exercise 23. Search for apps in suggestions. Add missing punctuation marks.

1. The handsome Cammuccini, a famous historical painter, sat on the sofa with a top hat in his hand and laughed, looking at Torvald (Paustovsky). 2. In those days, almost a quarter of a century ago, there was such a professor Ganchuk, there was Sonya, there were Anton and Levka Shulepnikov, nicknamed Shulepa (Trifonov). 3. A child of an unknown country, huddled, a young dove sits frightened by a thunderstorm (Lermontov). 4. One of them, an old man without a mustache and with gray sideburns, who looked like the playwright Ibsen, turned out to be a junior doctor in the infirmary (Chekhov). 5. The best mechanic in the factory and the first strong man in the settlement, he behaved rudely with his boss and therefore earned little (M. Gorky). 6. Glebov, Lyovkin’s oldest friend, was never his slave (Trifonov). 7. From Shatsky, he first learned about Kara-Bugaz, a terrifying and mysterious bay of the Caspian Sea, about the inexhaustible reserves of mirabilite in its water, about the possibility of destroying the desert (Paustovsky). 8. Shatsky was amazed by Miller’s self-control at the helm of the Baltic Fleet (Paustovsky). 9. Overshadowing everything and everyone, the sovereign ruler of the May night, the nightingale nesting in the river Urem (Permitov), ​​thundered with scattered silver shot. 10. In laboratories there are already photocell devices that convert solar energy into electrical energy (Paustovsky). 11. From time to time, the stork brought food in its long beak, a small snake or a frog with four outstretched legs (Kataev). 12. Only I, the mysterious singer, was thrown ashore by a thunderstorm (Pushkin). 13. The inhabitants of centuries and guardians of the northern expanses looked at the girls with the cold shine of glaciers (Fedorov). 14. One of his colleagues recommended him a medical student Lopukhov (Chernyshevsky). 15. And Birkopf, as a shrewd man, immediately took advantage of the exclusivity of his position (Turgenev).

Exercise 24. Find isolated definitions and applications in the sentences. Add missing punctuation marks.

1. A small, dry old man in a long black robe with a red beard with a bird’s nose and green eyes walked quickly ahead of everyone (M. Gorky). 2. I much liked the inconspicuous hulk Sasha Mikhailov, a quiet boy with sad eyes and a good smile, very similar to his meek mother (M. Gorky). 3. I was taught by the quiet, timid aunt Natalya, a woman with a childish face and transparent eyes (M. Gorky). 4. He recognized Shevtsov’s wife Efrosinya Mironova and went out to meet her (Fadeev). 5. Oh, damn this war (A.T. Tolstoy). 6. Peers for years, close relatives, they almost never separated (Turgenev). 7. Everyone liked him at once: he was a handsome man, a joker and a wit (Surkov). 8. As a mechanic, it doesn’t cost me anything to do this (Novikov-Priboy). 9. In the mysterious temple of spring shadows, the dreamer met his dream (Bryusov). 10. His bicycle was the only wealth he had accumulated over the last three years of work (Fedin). 11. A contemporary of L. Tolstoy, Chekhov and Gorky, N. Roerich and Rachmaninov, a passionate and even biased witness of the turbulent revolutionary events in Russia, Bunin often argued with history over the centuries with his contemporaries (Krutikova). 12. At night, a little red dachshund dog named Funtik (Paustovsky) often cried in his sleep. 13. On the left sat the author of this inscription, Nikolai Kozyrev (Peskov). 14. A front-line tramp, newspaperman, I am relatives in any dugout (Surkov). 15. I felt that it was not entirely proper for our brother gentlemen to laugh at Polikey (L. Tolstoy). 16. Only the young Volgar writer from the city of Volsk, Alexander Yakovlev (Paustovsky), stood somewhat apart. 17. With this squeeze, the admiral seemed to not only forgive his son, but also express, as a fair man, involuntary respect for the young “daredevil” who was not afraid to defend his human dignity (Stanyukovich). 18. The sensitive barometers of the forests tremble aspen trees (G. Nekrasov). 19. Anton’s grandmother often answered the phone, a malicious old woman who watched over her grandson with vigilance (Trifonov). 20. My father’s brother, Uncle Nikolai, was a pilot, one of the first Russian pilots killed in the German war (Trifonov). 21. Master Grigory Ivanovich, a bald, bearded man in dark glasses, calmly tied his uncle’s hands with a towel (M. Gorky).

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Exercise. .doc - Didactic material on the Russian language “Isolated definitions, common and non-common,” (grades 9-11)

Separate definitions, common and non-common,
agreed and uncoordinated






6) Captain Saburov, wounded by a shrapnel in the shoulder, did not leave the formation.

stand commas.

blankets (5) and a white couch.






went deeper into the forest.






from the manor house.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
Separate definitions, common and non-common,
agreed and uncoordinated
I. Place punctuation marks, insert missing letters.
1) Tired to the last degree, the climbers (could not) continue their ascent.
2) Short and stocky, he had terrible strength in his hands.
3) He turned and left... and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty hot steppe.
4) Three days later, mounds accessible to all winds appeared.
5) The last ray, yellow and heavy, froze in a bouquet of bright dahlias.
6) Wounded (n, nn) ​​by a shrapnel in the shoulder, Captain Saburov did not leave the formation.

II. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers in whose place in the sentence you should
stand commas.
1. Opening my eyes (1) I saw a light dusk (2) filled with bluish light (3) the floor (4) covered
blankets (5) and a white couch.
2. The earth (1) and the sky (2) and the white cloud (3) floating below (4) all this is familiar (5) all this is familiar to him
3. Her young face, worn out by suffering (1) (2) with a convex forehead (3) with beautiful hair (4)
laid in a braid around the head (5) it was calm (6) and dispassionate.
4. A tall man with cold (1) gray eyes (2) strict and unapproachable (3) immediately impressed
him (4) a depressing impression.
5. The road (1) turning to the right (2) went through a huge field (3) sown with spring crops (4) and
went deeper into the forest.
6. One can only bow to the genius of Marina Tsvetaeva(1) who created absolutely
a unique poetic world (2) and (3) who firmly believed in his muse.
7. The “scary world” of the city created by A.A. Blok (1) and his Stranger (2) frightening (3) and irresistible

attracting (4) suppresses the poet.
8. A pond (2) formed on a river (1) diagonally crossing the Abramtsevo estate (3) appeared
the natural boundary of the courtyard with outbuildings and the park (4) located to the southeast
from the manor house.
Answers:
I. 1) Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue the ascent. (Facing
defined by a noun single and common agreed definitions
are isolated only if they have additional adverbial meaning).
2) Short, stocky, he had terrible strength in his hands.
3) He turned and left, and I, confused, remained next to the girl in the empty, hot steppe.
4) After three days, the mounds accessible to all winds were already exposed.
5) The last ray, both yellow and heavy, froze in a bouquet of bright dahlias. (A. Akhmatova)
6) Wounded in the shoulder by shrapnel, Captain Saburov did not leave the battlefield.
II. 1. Opening my eyes (1), I saw a light dusk (2), filled with bluish light (3), the floor (4),
covered with blankets (5), and a white couch. 12345
2. The earth (1), and the sky (2), and the white cloud (3) floating below (4) all this is familiar (5), all this is familiar to him.
12345
3. Her young face, worn out by suffering (1), (2), with a convex forehead (3), with beautiful hair (4),
laid in a braid around the head (5), it was calm (6) and dispassionate. 2345
4. A tall man with cold (1) gray eyes (2), strict and unapproachable (3), immediately impressed
him (4) a depressing impression. 23
5. The road (1), turning to the right (2), went through a huge field (3), sown with spring crops (4), and
went deeper into the forest. 1234
6. One can only bow to the genius of Marina Tsvetaeva (1), who created absolutely
a unique poetic world (2) and (3) who firmly believed in his muse. 1
7. The “scary world” of the city created by A.A. Blok (1) and its Stranger (2), frightening (3) and irresistible
attracting to itself (4), suppresses the poet. 24
8. A pond (2) formed on the river (1), diagonally crossing the Abramtsevo estate (3), appeared
the natural boundary of the courtyard with outbuildings and the park (4), located to the southeast
from the manor house. 234

§ 18. Separate definitions

§ 18_1 paragraph 1 - § 46 § 51 § 18_1 paragraph 2 - § 46 § 49
§ 18_1 p. 3–5 - § 50 § 18_1 p. 7 - § 48
§ 18_1 p. 8–9 - § 46 § 18_1 p. 10 - § 47
AGREED DEFINITIONS
1. Separated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are highlighted on both sides
commas) common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with dependent
from it in words (so-called attributive phrases) standing after a noun or
gardens, stretched
substantivized
creaking carts filled with black grapes (L. T.); We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous
a centuries-old forest, equal in size to the good principality (Kupr.); Those three are also standing, all gloomy (M.G.).
A separate definition at the end of a sentence, especially when listing, can
separated not by a comma, but by a dash: I have always been interested in this house in an old alley - gloomy
mysterious, noble in all its appearance, unlike any other.
dusty road leading
words: By

Notes: 1. If there are several homogeneous isolated definitions connected by a repeating
conjunction and, a comma is placed before the first conjunction: These were young talents who truly loved
music, and well versed in the secrets of its magic.
2. A attributive phrase that comes after the coordinating conjunction (and, or, but, etc.), but is not associated with it,
is separated from him by a comma according to the general rule: He did not feel an inclination towards officialdom and, gifted
outstanding talent for observation, knew his environment very well (Hertz.).
But a comma is not placed between the conjunction a and the attributive phrase if, when omitting the phrase, it is required
restructuring of the sentence: The ball is kept on the surface of the pool, and immersed in water, quickly
pops up.
2. Common definitions are not distinguished:
1) standing in front of a noun and having no additional adverbial connotations of meaning
[cm. below, paragraph 8]: Daria Alexandrovna stood among the things scattered around the room (L. T.); Behind
A bookkeeper (Sh.) who had recently arrived from the village was rummaging through books at his desk;
2) standing after a noun, if the latter in itself in a given sentence does not express
the desired meaning and needs definition: Marya Dmitrievna assumed a dignified and somewhat
offended (T.) - the combination of words has taken the form of making no sense; Chernyshevsky created the work in
highly original and extremely remarkable (D.P.); You chose the judge quite
strict (L.); Werner is a wonderful person for many reasons (L); If you are a person yourself
respectful... then you will certainly ask for curses (Ver.); Attempts to write simply
led to sad and funny results (M. G.) - without the subsequent two definitions
the noun does not express the required concept; It was an unusually kind smile, wide and
soft (Ch.); We were greeted by a slender and pleasant-looking man; Looking from the portrait
you have a smart and very expressive face (cf.: ...the face of a woman, amazingly beautiful); All of them
turned out to be good students
- reverse action
multiplication; We often do not notice things that are much more significant; An elderly man came in with
a bald skull like that of an apostle;
prepared; Division

3) connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, of which they are included: B
in March, the grain lay poured into the bins (S.Sh.) - the point is not that the grain was lying, but that it
was poured into bins (in these cases, the form can be used in the attributive phrase
instrumental case: lay poured into bins); The neat old man walked around armed
rain umbrella (M.G.); The linden tree stands as if surrounded at a great distance, closed

a ring of this smell (Paust.); In the evening, Ekaterina Dmitrievna came running from the Legal
club excited and joyful (A. T.) - in the role of a defining phrase, two single
definitions; The morning came, washed by rains, with blue streaks on the fields, with greasy
the well-fed shine of the wet earth (Nick.); The moon rose very crimson and gloomy (Ch.); Foliage from
under the feet comes out densely packed, gray (Prishv.); Even the birch and rowan trees stood sleepy in
the sultry languor that surrounded them (M.S.); The sea at his feet lay silent and white with clouds.
sky (Paust.); The buses were packed.
Typically, such constructions are formed with verbs of movement or state, acting as
significant link. Wed. with a verb of different semantics: Elizabeth was silent, frightened and
excited (A.T.).
If a verb with the meaning of movement or state itself serves as a predicate, then
the defining turn is isolated: Trifon Ivanovich won two rubles and a half from me
and left, very pleased with his victory (T.); The break had not yet ended, but she was already standing at
machine, pale, smoothly combed (Nick.); And she walked next to me, stocky,
confident in her strength (Vol.);
4) expressed in a complex form of comparative or superlative adjective, since
these forms do not form a revolution and act as an indivisible member of the sentence: Appeared to
nig and more popular; Worked in less suitable conditions; There is an option for more
simple; The experiments were carried out at lower temperatures; The most information received
important. Wed. (as part of the turnover): In the circle closest to the bride were her two sisters (L.T.).
But: It was possible to create a new alloy, stronger than steel - the impact is having an impact
the previous definition is new (cf.: It was possible to create an alloy stronger than steel); except
Moreover, in the form of the comparative degree there is a combination than steel, resulting in the formation
defining phrase.
Note. If after a homogeneous definition of an adjective a participial phrase is used [see § 10, paragraph.
7], then it is separated from the adjective by a comma (but not separated by commas on both sides); Its black, nothing
the uncovered head... just flashed in the bushes (T.).
But if the attributive phrase has a clarifying meaning [see. § 22, paragraph 4], then it is separated (singled out
commas on both sides): In the morning coolness, the bitter smell of wormwood is diffused, mixed with a gentle, similar
on almonds, with the aroma of dodder (Cupr.).
3. The attributive phrase that comes after an indefinite pronoun is usually not isolated,
since it forms a single whole with the preceding pronoun: Her big eyes... were searched in
mine is something like hope (L.); All desires fell asleep in him, except desire
think about something inexpressible in words (M.G.); Something similar to
grin.
But if the words are less closely connected and if there is a pause after the pronoun, the phrase becomes isolated
(set off with commas): And someone, sweating and out of breath, runs from store to store (Pan.)
- two single definitions are separated.
4. The attributive phrase, which comes after the attributive, demonstrative or possessive
pronouns, is closely adjacent to it and is not separated by a comma: Everything laughing, cheerful, marked
the stamp of humor was little accessible to him (Cor.); All those who were late for the lecture stood in
corridor; These recently published poems were written a long time ago (Gaz.); Dasha
I was waiting for everything, but not this obediently bowed head (A.T.); Your verified for
In practice, the method deserves attention.
But if the attributive phrase has the character of an explanation or clarification [see. § 22, paragraph 4], then he
is isolated (set off by commas): Everything related to the railway is still covered for me
poetry of travel (Paust.) - the attributive pronoun is substantivized.
The turnover taken together is always isolated: All this, taken together, convinces of the correctness
the decision made; Taken together, these collections contain hundreds of exercises.
Note. In constructions with a demonstrative pronoun, punctuation options are possible.
Wed: That tall one over there rushed forward - definition of that with the substantivized adjective tall;
That tall one over there stepped forward - the substantivized pronoun that is the subject, in which
There is a separate definition of high.

5. The attributive phrase that comes after a negative pronoun is usually not separated from
there is a comma on it: No one admitted to the third stage of the competition performed better than Ivanov;
This attraction cannot be compared to anything shown in the circus program.
But with the intonational emphasis of the phrase: ...And no one, frightened by death, was afraid
slave life (M. G.).
if the last one is preceded by one more
6. Two or more single (uncommon) definitions appearing after
(or several)
on
noun,
definition: A place surrounded by vines

covered cozy gazebo, dark and cool (L.T.); Favorite faces, dead and alive,
come to mind (T.); From a young age I was obsessed with all sorts of ailments and
hereditary, and acquired (S.Sh.) [about placing a comma before the first and see above,
clause 1, note 1]; The other shore, flat and sandy, is densely and discordantly covered with a dense heap of
huts (M.G.); And the theater was besieged by a sea of ​​people, violent, assertive (N.O.).
Seems like
was

However, if the previous definition is expressed by a pronoun, then subsequent definitions
can
visited
again my corner is cramped and simple (P.); Wed: And once my gaze, dry and passionate, I keep in the dust
could not (Br.).
and sweet peace...
stand apart: And
dream,
Not

In the absence of a previous definition, subsequent single definitions are separated
or are not isolated depending on the degree of their intonation-semantic proximity with the defined
noun. Wed:
merciless,
And the Cossacks, both on foot and on horseback, set out on three roads to three gates (G.); ...
I especially liked the eyes, big and sad (T.); Here
a week
the rain is pouring down, persistent,
destroying (M.S.); Above Vetluga
twilight fell, blue, warm, quiet (Cor.); In the air, sultry and dusty, a thousand voices
talk (M.G.); Mother, sad and anxious, sat
And
cried (Vol.); The country road lies along the forest - dusty, dry and straight [about setting the dash, see above,
p. 1] - in these examples the noun does not need a mandatory definition (the connection between them
weak);
impudent,
third
thick
already
node
on

Instead of
cheerful St. Petersburg life,
boredom in
side-deaf and distant (P.); Under
overcoat
heart-passionate and noble beat (L.); Sunlight and sounds said that somewhere on this
in the world there is a pure, elegant, poetic life (Ch.); He began to talk about his childhood
days with strong and heavy words (M.G.) - in these examples the noun needs
definition, without it the statement does not have a complete meaning.
expected
thick
me
gray
this

V
changes
Single definitions are isolated,
lavender, no

If they are not directly next to
noun: Color of the sky, light,
all
above, transparent
day (T.); The sky has opened
ice deposits blue (F.); With his speech, passionate and lively, Beridze captivated everyone (Azh.). [Wed. below, paragraph 9.]
In poetic speech, the isolation or non-isolation of definitions is influenced by intonation
pronunciation, rhythm of verse. Wed: In a clean field, the snow is silver, wavy and pockmarked (P.); Sits on
Nimilesginian decrepit and gray-haired (L.); Through a dense and dense forest... I was driving
stone
rider (Mike); I
experience
the secrets of the wise and simple life (Br.); In a fiery and bold outburst, he blew the call
horn (Poor); Drove
violin
the old gypsy is lean and gray-haired (Marsh); The path is clean,
Not

inherited (Es.); I am trembling from acute pain, bitter and holy anger (Tv.).
I went smoothly
with a bow
between
in
Want
By

7. A single (non-widespread) definition is isolated:
1) if it carries a significant semantic load and can be equated to a subordinate clause
parts of a complex sentence: It is impossible for a young man, in love, not
spill the beans (T.) - cf.: To a young man, if (when) he is in love...; In the sky, deep blue, melted
silver moon (M.G.);
2) if it has an additional circumstantial meaning: Lyubochka’s veil clings again,
and two young ladies, excited, run up to her (Ch.) - to a purely defining meaning (what
young ladies?) a causal meaning is added (why are they running up?) or with another adverbial

(V
condition
shade
stones (M.G.); Mironov, surprised, for a long time,
sky(M.G.); The boy, embarrassed, blushed;
which

run up?); The people, amazed, began
before
eyes
pain
watched
V

3) if separated from a noun in the text: Eyes closed and half-closed, too
smiled (T.); On the bench, scattered, lay pistons and a gun (L. T.); Nastasya Petrovna again
hugged Yegorushka, called him an angel and, tearful, began to prepare for the table (Ch.);
4) if it has a clarifying meaning: Five minutes later it was raining heavily, heavy (Ch.).
Note. A separate definition may refer to a noun that is not present in a given
sentence, but perceived from the context: Look - there, dark, running through the steppe (M. G.) [cf. § 19, paragraph.
9].
8. Common or single adjective, standing immediately before the noun,
is isolated,
if it has an additional circumstantial meaning (causal, conditional,
concessional, etc.): Tired to the last degree, the climbers could not continue their
ascent - to a decisive significance (what kind of climbers?; cf. without isolation: Tired to
climbers of the last degree...) a causal meaning is layered (why couldn’t they continue their
ascension?); Left to their own devices, children will find themselves in difficult situations - here
What is important is not so much the defining meaning (which children?; cf. without separation: Provided
children to themselves...), how much is circumstantial - conditional (under what conditions will they find themselves in difficult
position?); Usually calm, the speaker was very worried this time - here not only is it given
characteristic of a person (what kind of speaker?; cf. without isolation: Usually a calm speaker...), but also
a concessive shade of meaning is introduced (‘despite the fact that he is usually calm...’). In all such
In cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by the subordinate part of the complex
sentences: causal (...because they are extremely tired), conditional (...the children will
left to their own devices), accommodating (... although he is usually calm), etc.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, the replacement of the attributive phrase is used
in turn with the word being (being tired to the last degree; being given
to ourselves; being usually calm): if such a replacement is acceptable, we can talk about the presence
circumstantial meaning, which gives grounds for separation. Wed: Accompanied
officer, the commandant entered
‘being
accompany'; Confused, Mironov bowed
him (M. G.); Cheerful and
cheerful, Radik was generally a favorite (F.);
with a premonition, Korchagin quickly got dressed and left the
home (N.O.); Disheveled,
unwashed, Nezhdanov had
mom's
cleanliness, the guys learned
free, alley into the distance
attracts (Br.); Tall, Lelya and in quilted clothes was too thin (Koch.); Stunned
with a heavy hum, Tyorkin bows his head (TV).
strange (T.); Tired
to be cunning (Pan.); wide,
looks wild and
house (P.)
back
-
V
V

9.
came the sound of a bell,
A common or single definition is isolated,
if it is separated from
noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is
before or after the word being defined): Towards me, clean and clear, as if washed in the morning
and suddenly passed me, chased by acquaintances
coolness,
boys, a rested herd rushed by (T.); Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry,
gloomy, walked around the room (Ch.); The arrows shot at him fell, pathetic, back to
land (M.G.); And again, cut off from the tanks by fire, the infantry (Sh.) lay down on a bare slope; Behind
Because of the noise, they did not immediately hear the knocking on the window - persistent, solid (Fed.); Some
once, mysterious and lonely, the mutinous battleship Potemkin appeared
on
horizon (Cat.); Fringed with flying foam, the pier breathes day and night (Bl.); Spread out on
on the grass, well-deserved shirts and trousers were drying (Pan.).
10. The definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated regardless of its degree
prevalence and location: Lulled by sweet hopes, he firmly
was sleeping (Ch.); Short, stocky, he had terrible strength in his hands (M. G.); He turned and
gone,
empty roast
steppes (Paust.); Wounded, they crawled onto the stones again,
dragging along with difficulty
machine guns (Sob.); From him, the jealous one, locked in the room, you, the lazy one, with a kind word
remember (Sim.).
and I, confused, stayed next to the girl
V

Note. The definition for the personal pronoun is not isolated:
1) if the definition is connected not only with the subject pronoun, but also with the predicate [see. above, p.
2]: I sat immersed in deep thought (P.); We left satisfied with our
in the evening (L.); He leaves the back room completely upset (Gonch.); I come to
in the evening tired, hungry (M. G.); We reached the hut soaked through (Paust.);
2) if the definition is in the accusative case (such a construction, with a touch of obsolescence, can
be replaced by a modern construction with the instrumental case form): I found him ready to embark on
road (P.) (cf.: ...found ready...); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in the house
poor neighbor (L);
3) if the definition is not consistent with the pronoun in case: I see him bending over the drawing board
board (connection with the predicate verb - I see bowed, and with the pronoun - agreement in gender and
number);
4) in exclamatory sentences like: Oh, you’re stupid!; Oh wretched me!
These rules are in the RAS reference book:
§ 18_2 p. 1 - § 53 § 55 § 56 § 57 § 18_2 p. 2 - § 58
§ 18_2 clause 3 - § 60
DISAGREED DEFINITIONS
1. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by forms of oblique cases of nouns (usually with
prepositions), are isolated to highlight any attribute or to enhance what they express
meaning: A serf, in shiny attire, with folded-back sleeves, immediately carried various
drinks and edibles (G.); Officers in new frock coats,
white gloves and shiny
epaulettes, flaunted along the streets and boulevard (L. T.); The sea splashed and rustled, all in white lace
shavings (M. G.); In a white tie, in a smart coat wide open, with a string of stars and
crosses on a gold chain in the loop of a tailcoat, the general was returning from lunch (T.); For many
Russian rivers, like the Volga, one bank is mountainous, the other is meadow (T.).
Usually, inconsistent definitions are isolated that complement or clarify the idea of
a person or object that in itself (without definition) is quite specific and already known. In this
roles are played by proper names (they distinguish a person-object from a number of similar ones), names of persons by
degree of relationship, by position, profession, position, as well as pronouns (indicate
to a person already known from the context). Some syntactic conditions are also taken into account [see below].
Thus, inconsistent definitions expressed by oblique case forms
nouns are distinguished:
1) if they refer to the person’s own name: SamaBerezhkova, in a silk dress, in a cap on
in the back of her head and in a shawl, she was sitting on the sofa (Gonch.); Shabashkin, with a cap on his head, stood with his arms akimbo and
proudly looked around him (P.); Kolya, in his new jacket with gold buttons, was a hero
day (T.); Daria Alexandrovna, in a blouse and with sparse braids pinned to the back of her head,
once thick and beautiful hair, stood among the things scattered around the room (L.T.); Fair-haired, with
with his curly head, no hat and his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and
extraordinary (Ch.); Elizaveta Kievna, with red hands, in men's clothes, never left my memory.
dress, with a pitiful smile and meek eyes (A.T.);
2) if they refer to the names of persons by degree of relationship, position, profession
etc.: The mother came out majestically, in a lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls
on the neck (M G.); Grandfather, in grandma's jacket, in an old cap without a visor, squints at something
smiles (M. G.); Sotsky, with a healthy stick in his hand, stood behind him (M. G.); Headman, in
boots and a saddle-backed coat, with tags in hand, noticing dad from afar, he took off his red coat
hat (L.T.);
ahh
3) if they refer to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel
this (L. T.); ...Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young (M. G.);
4) if separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence (regardless of
whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper noun or a common noun): After dessert, everything
with black mesh on
moved
head, sat Caroline (Gonch.); His rouged face, with a straight, large nose, shone sternly
bluish eyes (M.G.);
where, in a black dress,
to the buffet,

5) if they form a series of homogeneous members of a sentence with preceding/following
separate agreed definitions (regardless of what part of speech it is expressed
defined word): I saw a man, wet, in rags, with a long beard (T.); This
a trotting man, skinny, with a stick in his hand, sparkled and smoked, blazing with an insatiable greed for
game by deed (M. G.); An old shepherd, ragged and barefoot, in a warm hat, with a dirty bag at his hip.
and with a hook on a long stick, calmed the dogs (H); With bony shoulder blades, with a bump under
with his eyes, bent over and clearly afraid of the water, he presented himself as a funny figure (Ch.);
6) if there is a deliberate separation of the attributive phrase from the neighboring predicate, to
to which it could be attributed in meaning and syntactically, and its attribution to the subject: Baba, with
long rakes in their hands, wandering into the field (T.); The painter, drunk, drank beer instead
tea glass laku (M.G.).

2.
Inconsistent
turnover
with the comparative form of the adjective (often
noun
precedes an agreed definition), stands apart: A force stronger than his will threw him off
from there (T.); Short beard, a little darker
lips and
chin (A.K.T.); Another room, almost twice as large, was called the hall (Ch.).
hair, slightly shaded

determined
expressed

definition,

But with a close connection with a noun, such a definition is not isolated: But at other times it does not
there was a man more active than him (T.); I have seen a lot of picturesque and remote places in Russia, but it’s unlikely
someday I will see a river more virgin and mysterious than Pra (Paust.).

With
3. Inconsistent definition, expressed by the indefinite form of the verb (infinitive), before
which can be used to put words, namely, is separated by a dash: ... I came to you with clean
beautiful
motives,
this lot is to shine
obsessed
with one passion - to resist (Ketl.); An order was received from the battery - do not take the handset away from
ear and check the line every five minutes (Cat.); With her helplessness she evoked in him
knightly feelings - to overshadow,
have taken
to judge for yourself? Such definitions are explanatory in nature [see. § 23, paragraph 1].

die (Br.); …We
the only desire is to do
good! (Ch.); But

protect; Where
you're right
protect,
All
And

In the middle of a sentence, such an inconsistent definition is highlighted on both sides using
dash: ...Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for themselves, for their
loved ones (Ketl.). If, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash
usually omitted: Since there was only one choice left - to lose the army and Moscow or one
Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the latter (L. T.).
These rules are in the RAS reference book:
§ 19 paragraph 1 - § 61 § 19 paragraph 2 - § 63
§ 19 clause 2 note - § 120 (orf) § 19 clause 3 - § 126 (orf)
§ 19 paragraph 4 - § 122 (orf) § 19 paragraph 5–6 - § 63
§ 19 paragraph 7 - § 64 § 19 paragraph 8 - § 62
§ 19 paragraph 10 - § 61 § 65
§ 19. Separate applications
1. A common application expressed by a common noun with
dependent words and relating to a common noun (usually such an application
stands after the word being defined, less often - in front of it): The old woman, Trishka’s mother, died,
but the old people, father and father-in-law, were
alive (S.Shch); Good-natured old man, sick leave
the watchman immediately let him in (L.T.); Heir to the brilliant nobility and rude
plebeianism, the bourgeoisie combined in himself the most severe shortcomings of both, having lost the dignity
them (Hertz.); From centuries past, giants, guardians of legend, stand the Cossack mounds (Marmot.).
more

Constructions of the type are also distinguished: The director of the film spoke, who is also the performer
one of the roles, Eldar Ryazanov (Gaz.).
2. A single (uncommon) application, standing after a common noun, is isolated
noun, if the word being defined has an explanation: He stopped the horse, raised
head
behind
I have one girl, Polish (M. G.).
saw his correspondent, deacon (T.); Courted
And

With a single noun, the unextended application is isolated in order to strengthen it
semantic role, to prevent it from intonationally merging with the word being defined: Father, a drunkard, fed with
small years, and herself (M. G.); The girl, a smart girl, immediately guessed where the book was hidden.
workers innovators;
frost breeder;
Notes: 1. A single clause is usually attached to a common noun
by means of a hyphen: city hero; guardsmen, mortarmen; teenage girls; winter sorceress; engineer
constructor;
father is deceased (but: father is archpriest); gentlemen
nobles (but: pan hetman); bomber plane; neighbor musician; old watchman (but: old man
watchman); excellent student (but: students are excellent students... - heterogeneous applications; see § 11, p.
2), scientist biologist; French teacher
2. It is possible to add a hyphen to the application if there is an explanatory word (definition), which according to
meaning may include:
1) to the whole combination: famous experimental inventor; a dexterous acrobat-juggler;
2) only to the defined word: demobilized missile officer; original self-taught artist;
my neighbor is a teacher;
3) only for the application: a female doctor with extensive experience.
In these cases, double punctuation is usually possible; Wed: Lecture will be given by a famous professor
chemist. - The lecture will be given by a famous professor, a chemist.
3. A hyphen is written after a proper name (most often a geographical name, which acts as
applications for generic names): Moskvareka, Ilmenozero, Kazbekgora, Astrakhangorod (but with
reverse word order: Moscow River, Lake Ilmen, Mount Kazbek, Astrakhan city; expressions like mother
Rus', mother earth have the character of stable combinations).
After a person’s own name, a hyphen is placed only in the case of a merger of the defined noun and
applications into one complex intonation-semantic whole: Ivantsarevich, Ivanushka the fool, Anikavoin,
Father of Dumas, Rockefeller Sr. (but: Cato the Elder - nickname of a historical figure, Marcus Porcius Cato
Junior, or Utic - translation of the nickname from Latin).
4. The hyphen is not written:
1) if the preceding one-word application can be equated in meaning to the definition
adjective: handsome man (cf.: handsome man), old father, giant plant (but: giant plant),
a poor shoemaker, a strong horseman, a little orphan, a predatory wolf, a skilled cook.
It should be noted, however, that the application of the noun may differ in meaning from the definition
adjective; So, in the proposal, Tatyana, at the behest of the lady, was married to a drunkard shoemaker (T.)
the combination drunken shoemaker (permanent sign) is not the same as drunken shoemaker (temporary sign);
2) if in a combination of two common nouns the first denotes a generic concept, and the second
- species: chrysanthemum flower, eucalyptus tree, boletus mushroom, finch bird, cockatoo parrot, monkey
macaque, silver paint, carbon gas, floss threads, nylon fabric, montpensier lollipops, kharcho soup.
But if such a combination forms a complex scientific term (the second part does not always serve as an independent
species designation), name of specialty, etc., then the hyphen is written: brown hare, bird's eye hawk
goshawk, beetle, rhinoceros beetle, swimming beetle, mantis crab, hermit crab, vole,
butterfly, cowgirl, therapist, toolmaker, teacher, mathematician, chemist
organic, landscape artist, Dominican monk;
3) if the defined noun or application itself is written with a hyphen: women, surgeons,
construction engineer, designer, boiler fitter, installer, technical and mechanical designer, Volga
Mother River, hero fighter pilot.
But in certain terms there are two hyphens: captain-lieutenant engineer, rear admiral engineer;
4) if with the defined noun there are two uncommon applications connected
Union and: students of philology and journalists; Conservative and Liberal MPs; the same if for two
defined nouns have a general application: students and graduate students of philology.
In terminological combinations, the so-called hanging hyphen is used in these cases: agronomists and
cotton growers (i.e. agronomists, cotton growers and cotton growers; the application is
the second component of a compound noun, a hyphen is written after the first component); mechanical engineer,
metallurgist, electrician (common component - the first part of the addition, the hyphen is written before the second part);
5) if the first element of the combination is the words citizen, master, our brother, your brother, comrade (in
meanings ‘I and those like me’, ‘you and those like you’): citizen judge, Mr. Envoy, our brother student.
5. The appendix after the proper name is separated: The suitcase was brought in by the short coachman Selifan
a man in a sheepskin coat, and a footman Petrushka, a young man of about thirty in a second-hand frock coat (G.); Sergey
Nikanorych, the bartender, poured five glasses of tea (Ch.); Markush's rootless man, a janitor, sitting on the floor,
whittled sticks and slats for birdcages (M.G.).
Application,
if it has
additional adverbial meaning: Stubborn in everything, Ilya Matveevich remained stubborn in
teaching (Koch.) - cf.: Being stubborn in everything... (with causal meaning); Illustrious
scout, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was at their first meeting (Kaz.) -
cf.: Although he was a famous intelligence officer... (with a concessionary meaning).
standing before a proper name is isolated only if

additional
circumstantial
But
army Vasily Danilovich Dibich made his way from German captivity to his homeland (Fed.).
6. The person’s own name or the name of the animal acts as a separate application if it explains
or clarifies a common noun (before such an application you can insert
words namely, that is, and his name is): Daria Mikhailovna’s daughter, Natalya Alekseevna, at first sight
might not like it (T.); My father, Klim Torsuev, a famous soap maker, was a man of difficult
character (J. G.); And brothers Ani, Petya and Andryusha, high school students,
behind
tailcoat (Ch.); The fourth son is still just a boy, Vasya (Paust.); At the door, in the sun, with my eyes closed,
lay my father’s beloved greyhound dog, Milka (L.T.) [see. § 23, paragraph 1].
meaning: Lieutenant
royal
pulled
behind
father

Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence/absence
explanatory shade of meaning and corresponding intonation when reading. Wed:
Only one Cossack, Maxim Golodukha, escaped from the Tatar hands on the way (G.); Elizaveta Alekseevna
went to visit my brother, Arkady Alekseevich; He reminded my son, Borka (there is only
one brother, one son; if there were several, then when expressing the same thought, the proper name would not
should be separated);
Entered
The leader of the group, Kolya Petrov, spoke; On the way we met the chief engineer Zhukov.
my friend Seryozha we are leaving
her sister Mary; Today I
south;
on
And

7. A separate application can be joined by a union like (with an additional meaning of causality), and
also words by name, surname, nickname, family, etc. (regardless of what part of speech
the defined word is expressed): Ilyusha sometimes, like a frisky boy, just wants to rush and
redo everything yourself (Gonch.); Like an old artilleryman, I despise this kind of cold
decorations (Sh.); Leontyev was carried away by this idea, but, as a cautious person, so far he hasn’t told anyone about it.
told (Paust.); This student, named Mikhalevich, an enthusiast and poet, sincerely fell in love
Lavretsky (T.); ...A little dark-haired lieutenant named Zhuk led the battalion to the backyards
that street (Sim.); Yermolai had a pointer dog, nicknamed Valetka (T.); The owner, originally from Yaik
Cossack, seemed to be a man of about sixty (P.).
But (without the intonation of isolation): He got himself a bear cub named Yasha (Paust.); A doctor was invited
surname Medvedev.

personal pronoun: Should he, the dwarf, compete?
Note. If the conjunction as has the meaning ‘in quality’, then the turnover it joins is not
is isolated: The response received is considered as consent (Azh.) [see. § 42, paragraph 4].
The application with the conjunction as, which characterizes an object with any one
sides: The reading public has managed to get used to Chekhov as a humorist (Fed.).
The application is always separated when
8.
With
giant? (P.); A doctrinaire and somewhat pedant, he loved to instruct instructively (Hertz.); I like my face
it is not appropriate for a high-ranking person to ride a horse-drawn horse (Ch.); Just yesterday the fugitives; they became today
exiles (Fed.); Here it is, the explanation (L.T.).
Depending on the nature of intonation, the presence/absence of a pause after the 3rd person pronoun (in the index
functions) with a preceding particle, double punctuation is possible; compare:
Here they are, a bunny's dreams! (S.Sh.); Here they are, the workers! (Triple);
This is reality (S.K); This is pride (Humpback); Votono is a triumph of virtue and
truth (Ch.).
When following a demonstrative particle with a pronoun, a comma is not placed after the noun: Spring
then here she is, in the yard (Pol.).
9. The application that refers to the missing word in this sentence is isolated, if this word
is suggested by the context: You hold him, hold him, otherwise he will leave, anathema (Ch.; meaning
burbot); “They bury a madman.” - “Ah! He’s also outlived his time, my dear” (Fed.); That's how it should be. Next time
Let him not be fiscal, you rascal (Kupr.). The missing pronoun may be suggested by the personal form
predicate verb: Never, sinner, do I drink, but through such an occasion I will drink (Ch.). [Cm. also § 18, paragraph 7.]
10. When separating applications, a dash is used instead of a comma:
1) if you can insert words before the application, namely (without changing the meaning): There was a light in the far corner
the yellow spot is the fire of Seraphima’s apartment (Zh. G.); She sketched ancient lamps with the coat of arms of the city
Olbia - an eagle soaring over dolphins (Paust.); On Nechaev’s dry face, with a soft boyish
forehead, traces of burns remained - two white non-tanning spots (N. Chuk.);
2) before a common or single application at the end of a sentence, if underlined
independence of the application or an explanation is given: I don’t like this tree too much - aspen (T.); In the corner
in the living room there was a pot-bellied bureau on the most absurd four legs - a perfect bear (G.); My path went
past the Berdskaya settlement - the refuge of Pugachevsky (P.); We drove around some old dam that had sunk
in nettles, and a long-dried pond - a deep ravine overgrown with weeds (Bun.); In the storerooms they gaped in two rows
wide round pits - wooden vats,
deeply dug into the ground (M. G.); Helped out
his bicycle is the only wealth accumulated over the last three years of work (Fel); At the lighthouse

my
to highlight
jewel (Ch.); IN
Only the watchman lived - an old deaf Swede (Paust.); It was a wonderful April day - the best time in
Arctic (Hump.); She first went to the loan office and pawned a ring with
turquoise - the only one
soil
contains hydrogen peroxide - poison for living things; Each Olympics not only names champions, but also
nominates sports heroes - right-wingers of world sports (Gaz.);
3)
of an explanatory nature: Some kind of
unnatural greenery - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered the fields with a liquid network and
fields (G.); Mild cramps are a sign
wide
lips (T.); The caretaker of the shelter - a retired soldier from Skobelev's times - followed
owner (Fed.); Memory of Avicenna - an outstanding scientist, polymath, fighter for reason and
progress is the road for all mankind (Gas); They caught fish with a dragnet - a small seine - yes
vershamitraps; They took out a depth gauge - a weight on a long string - and measured the depth; He
- disabled - continued to work and help others.
feelings - ran away
(both sides)
applications,
Martian
strong
his

V
participation
sailing
athletes for
Note. One dash (first or second) is omitted:
1) if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma is placed after a separate application: If it involved
solving the problem with your instrument - scales, then you would understand the source of the error;
Using
a special device for human breathing under water - scuba gear, you can dive on
depth of tens of meters; Among the actors of Sergei Eisenstein's traveling troupe were young men
who later became famous film directors - Grigory Alexandrov, Ivan Pyryev, and
also actor Maxim Shtraukh (Gaz.);
2) if the application expresses a specific meaning, and the preceding defined word has a general
or figurative meaning: At a meeting of foreign ministers of member countries of the Organization
American states were addressed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Cuba (Gaz.); Arrived
here the first swallows are ours
racing;
The highest award of the French Institute of Oceanography for outstanding oceanographic research
works - a medal in memory of Albert I, Prince of Monaco, was awarded to a prominent scientist
L. A. Zenkevich (Gaz.);
3) if the application comes before the word being defined: One of the outsiders of the championship
countries - athletes of the Fili club won their third victory in a row (Gaz.); Herald
forests - the cuckoo notified everyone about the event;
4) for clarity, if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the proposal: B
magnolias, camellias - flowers of Japan, orchids and cyclamens were bred in the greenhouse; At the table
the mistress of the house was sitting, her sister was my wife’s friend, two strangers, my wife and I; I
began to talk about conditions, about inequality, about people - victims of life and about people - rulers
her (M.G.).
However, if a double interpretation of the phrase is possible, a second dash is also added: We worked on the project
designer, engineer - communications specialist - and radio operator (in the absence of the second dash it will turn out,
that the engineer was also a radio operator);
5) when separating homogeneous applications standing before the defined word from the defined one
words: Our greatest poet, the founder of the Russian literary language, the largest
representative of national literature - Pushkin rightfully occupies one of the first places in
history of the cultural development of Russia (when reading, a pause is made after homogeneous applications);
6)
teachers and parents must take into account age characteristics when communicating with children;
7) if the application refers to two or more preceding nouns and when reading
separated from them by a pause: A delegation of poets, prose writers and playwrights arrived - Muscovites (with
in the absence of a pause, the dash may be omitted; see above, paragraph 4);
8) if the application is widely distributed and has commas inside: Comprehensive study
Georgian folk architecture - a multifaceted art that developed under the influence
unique natural conditions, bearing the stamp of different eras and economic
formations with their social contradictions - will help identify the best, progressive features
folk art (Gaz.) [cf. above, paragraph 10];
9) in constructions like: Ernani - Gorev is as bad as a shoemaker (Ch.); Chatsky - Kachalov was
inimitable.
if the application explains another application: All of us, educators -

Exercise 18. Find isolated or non-isolated definitions in the sentences. Add missing punctuation marks.

1. The weather, which had been gloomy since the morning, began to gradually clear up (Arsenyev). 2. He had already opened his mouth and stood up a little from the bench, but suddenly, struck by horror, he closed his eyes and fell off the bench (M. Gorky). 3. Seized by evil despair, I saw around only these waves with whitish manes (M. Gorky). 4. Seized by some vague premonition, Korchagin quickly got dressed and went out into the street (N. Ostrovsky). 5. Meresyev sat silent and anxious (Polevoy). 6. A stoker who looked like a black man passed by and did not close the door near me (Bunin). 7. While the carriage, accompanied by barking, rolls with a roar along the bridges over the ravines, I look at the piles of bricks left from the burnt house and drowned in the weeds and think about what old Kologrivov would do if he saw impudent people jumping around the yard of his estate (Bunin) . 8. Pavel went into her room and sat down tiredly on a chair (Polevoy). 9. The fire of a bomb exploding near him instantly illuminated two people standing above and the white foam of greenish waves cut by the steamer (L. Tolstoy). 10. A heavy roar, unheard of by anyone, shook the air (A.N. Tolstoy). 11. Chichikov only noticed through the thick blanket of pouring rain something similar to a roof (Gogol). 12. The badger, frightened by the noise, rushed to the side and disappeared from sight (Arsenyev).

Exercise 19. Add missing punctuation marks.

1. The girl picked a twig from a currant bush and, delighted with the aroma of the buds, caught up with her companion and gave him the twig (Prishvin). 2. In the archpriest’s father’s long beard and in his small mustache connecting to the beard at the corners of his mouth, several black hairs flash, giving it the appearance of silver trimmed with niello (Leskov). 3. His eyes are brown, bold and clear (Leskov). 4. The sky is almost not reflected in the water cut by the blows of the oars of steamship propellers by the sharp keels of Turkish feluccas and other ships plowing the narrow harbor in all directions (M. Gorky). 5. A long dam lined with silver poplars closed this pond (Turgenev). 6. She was wearing a white robe stained with blood and a scarf tied tightly to her eyebrows (A.N. Tolstoy). 7. Long, grasping arms raised the pine trees and they are trying to hold on to the clouds (Kuranov). 8. Angry in appearance, he was kind at heart (Fadeev). 9. Energetic, tall, a little angry and mocking, he stands as if rooted to the logs, and in a tense pose, ready to turn the rafts every second, he vigilantly looks ahead (M. Gorky). 10. The blue southern sky, darkened by dust, is cloudy (M. Gorky). 11. Mountains protruded from behind the sea, looking like a flock of clouds, and clouds like snowy mountains swirled behind them (Krymov). 12. The ringing of anchor chains, the roar of coupled cars delivering cargo, the metallic scream of iron sheets falling from somewhere on the stone pavement, the dull knock of wood, the rattling of cab carts, the whistles of steamships, sometimes piercingly sharp, sometimes the dull roaring cries of loaders, sailors and customs soldiers - all these sounds merge into the deafening music of labor of the day (M. Gorky). 13. And the people themselves who originally gave birth to this noise are funny and pitiful: their dusty, tattered, nimble figures, bent under the weight of goods lying on their backs, fussily run here and there in clouds of dust in a sea of ​​heat and sounds, they are insignificant compared to the iron colossuses surrounding them piles of goods, rattling wagons and everything they created (M. Gorky). 14. Long, bony, slightly stooped, he slowly walked along the stones (M. Gorky). 15. He is a very kind person, but with rather strange concepts and habits (Turgenev). 16. But suddenly paying two hundred and three hundred rubles for something even most necessary seemed almost suicide to them (Goncharov). 17. The next day we learned that Soviet intelligence entered the city but, shocked by the monstrous picture of the escape, stopped at the descent to the port and did not open fire (Paustovsky). 18. Obviously, depressed by memories, Arzhanov fell silent for a long time (Sholokhov). 19. He looked around and saw that an overturned truck lying by the road, long since torn apart in parts, was smoking and quickly flaring up (Polevoy). 20. Dawn came, and Kazbek (Zabolotsky), encased in snow with a double-headed fragment of crystal, caught fire. 21. And enclosed in a regular square, he either rushes about and rushes for the fence, or silently flies around the garden (Shefner). 22. I never entered the house, sat on a bench and left unnoticed by anyone (Nikitin). 23. But besides the song, we also had something good, something we loved and, perhaps, replaced the sun for us (M. Gorky). 24. He stood surprised by the unexpected meeting and, also embarrassed, was about to leave (N. Ostrovsky). 25. Soft and silvery, it [the sea] merged there with the blue southern sky and sleeps soundly, reflecting the transparent fabric of cirrus clouds of motionless stars that do not hide the golden patterns of the stars (M. Gorky).