The Russian language is a kind of living organism, constantly changing and acquiring new forms. In different historical eras it sounded differently and the vocabulary that has survived to this day has changed a lot. The texts of Old Russian chronicles, for example, today are common impossible for the average person to understand. words change, although not so noticeably. New concepts constantly penetrate into the language from abroad, thanks to the discoveries of science and technology, thereby enriching it. Some concepts become unnecessary and are lost, others live for a very long time.
Active vocabulary – lexicon, used in everyday life. Passive vocabulary is words that leave us and are forgotten. Passive vocabulary includes:, historicism. Neologisms are new concepts, terms and concepts related to active vocabulary.
Historicisms and archaisms are important means of artistic expression.
In contact with
Archaisms there are:
Historicisms are words that stand for disappeared:
It should be noted the social terminology of the Soviet era, which very quickly fell out of use (Budenovka, Revolutionary Committee). In Ushakov’s dictionary they marked with a double mark“new”, “historical”.
Archaisms are objects or concepts that exist in our lives, therefore are easily replaced by synonyms. For example: from Pushkin: “Noise, noise, obedient sail (sail).”
Historicisms are words denoting something that no longer exists. That's why they don't have synonyms. For example: a policeman is a lower rank of police in Tsarist Russia. Policemen in Moscow wore black uniforms, in other cities - green.
A metal plaque with a personal number and a coat of arms (provincial or city) were attached to the headdress. From Chekhov we read: “Warder Ochumelov walks across the square, followed by a red-haired policeman with a sieve filled to the top with confiscated gooseberries.”
Important! Archaisms, unlike historicisms, have synonyms in modern language.
Words and their meanings fall out of use for various reasons. It happens that they come back into circulation after a long time, changing its original meaning. After the revolution they returned: a soldier, a lieutenant, etc. In the fifties - a minister, a ministry. To collect information, scientists create dictionaries of obsolete words, in particular, an explanatory dictionary.
Archaisms differ from historicisms in that they can highlight degrees of obsolescence:
These concepts fell out of general use and are not used. They tell us about distant times in the development of language, about what has long passed.
So, let's conclude: words fall out of frequent use, become passive, and even disappear altogether. If they were replaced by more convenient sounding ones and retained their meaning, these are archaisms. If expressions have become unnecessary, if the concepts themselves have disappeared, these are historicisms. Archaisms differ from historicisms in meaning.
Expressions recreate the flavor of the historical period in military-themed narratives.
Forgotten words tell us about the past, help the reader feel the spirit of the times. In the literature you can come across outdated vocabulary of two layers. In “The Captain's Daughter,” Pushkin, in order to create the flavor of antiquity, deliberately introduces forgotten words from the 18th century into the text: corporal, soul-greyka.
While writing the story, at the beginning of the next century, the author uses the usual vocabulary of that historical period: coachman, second. By our time they are already outdated.
They create a solemn style in poetry.
Outdated words (usually archaisms) give speech high poetic sound. In Blok’s poems we read: “youth is crazy,” in Yesenin we note: “with a slight wave of the finger,” “I want to be a youth.”
They successfully implement the author’s ideological plans and create rhythm and good rhyming in poetry. Lermontov loved to poeticize the past. His “Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” is a one-of-a-kind stylization of folklore of a large epic form. In order to bring the reader as close as possible to describe the events of deep antiquity, the author used a large number of historicisms: oprichnik, frontal place, glass, fathom.
Emphasize comic and satirical moments
The master of ridicule Saltykov-Shchedrin skillfully used archaisms to create ironic situations and ridicule human vices. By choosing highly solemn terms and including them in a commonly used context, the author achieved a humorous effect (“The History of a City”).
Examples of words and expressions are often found in historical novels and works of fiction.
The use of archaisms and historicisms expands the view about Russian culture and history. Education forms a full-fledged person, a versatile personality who gets to know the world through languages.
A broad-minded person, spiritually and morally strong, aesthetically educated, respects and loves the true values presented in literature. The great, mighty Russian language reflects a truly human attitude towards the world.
Knowledge based on local history topics from native speakers will be useful to foreign students studying the Russian language.
What is the difference between historicism and archaism?
Outdated words - archaisms
In the dictionary of obsolete words we have included terms that are currently practically not used or are used very rarely. Outdated words and expressions are words that it is important to familiarize your child with before reading a fairy tale or explain their meaning while reading, so that the meaning of the work is perceived exactly as the authors would like. Some obsolete words and their meaning will be especially useful for the general development of the child, for example, measures of length: vershok, fathom and others.
Outdated words in the Russian language are for the most part those words that have gone out of use in the modern world, but which our old grandparents can still very often use in communication. We can convey to children the kindness of Little Red Riding Hood, the tenderness of Thumbelina, the hard work of Cinderella and many other best character traits of the characters in the language of their great-grandparents and at the same time instill in children respect and interest in our history.
If this dictionary of outdated words of the Russian language does not contain the word you were looking for or you were not able to fully understand the meaning of existing words, write to us through the feedback form, they will definitely answer you.
Abvakhta - guardhouse Perhaps - either - perhaps, maybe Azhno - so Azovka - mythical creature Aksamit - velvet Altyn - three kopecks Asps - poisonous snakes
Babayka - a large oar attached to a boat Baet - speaks, tells Baidak - a river boat with one large sail Balagta - swamp Balakat - speak Canopy - a decorated canopy on posts Balodka - a one-handed hammer Basa - beauty, decoration, panache Batog - stick Bergamots - variety pears Pregnancy - an armful of Bosoviki - slippers Boyars - rich and noble people War - battle Brotherhood - brotherhood Armor - metal clothing that protects a warrior from blows Damask steel - weapons made of steel Burochki - a type of warm boots for cold climates, often felt boots Bureau - table with paper storage box
To go on patrol - to guard, to guard In a bag - to chase Vacation time - vacation Vacation - vacation To know - to know Venuti - to wind, to blow Vershok - an old measure of length, equal to 4.4 centimeters Vestimo - of course, it goes without saying Vetoshka - a rag Knight - a brave warrior , bogatyr Vovan is a liquid fat extracted from the fat of marine mammals. Used for lighting in lamps and street lamps Meet - meet Eversion - the rhizome of a large tree turned out of the ground Endure - withstand, endure, endure
Galushka - dumpling cooked in water or borscht Galyota - a small merchant ship Ganat - guessing Voice of obedience - an answering voice Gorazd - knows how Gorka - a pyramid-shaped shelf for expensive dishes Upper room - room Rowing - a narrow dam on the river
Hay girl - maid Ten - 24 sheets Marvel - surprise, amaze
Food - food, food If - if
Zhaleika - a pipe made of willow bark Zhban - a jug with a lid Burmitsky (Burmite) pearls - large and round pearls Zhernovtsy - a small hand-made chalk
Zagnetka - a place in the fore-furnace where the heat is raked Zagnetka - a place in front of the firebox where the heat is raked Get started - start fasting Ahead of time - sing Lazarus in advance - flatteringly beg Sinisters - small fantastic creatures
Imperial - Indus gold coin - even, so
Treasury - money, wealth, property Kamka - silk colored fabric with patterns Karmazin - dark red cloth Kniksen - bow with a squat as a sign of greeting or gratitude from females Casing - outerwear made of leather Kokurochka - butter flatbread Kolymaga - carriage, in which noble people traveled Korob - a basket, a basket Oblique fathom - an ancient Russian measure of length, the distance from the toes to the end of the fingers of an outstretched hand diagonally is 216 cm Krinitsa - a well, a spring Krosna - a home loom Kudel - a bunch of flax or wool Body - wicker basket
Plate - iron or steel armor worn by warriors Lyko - the bark of a young linden, willow, elm, bast shoes, baskets, baskets are woven from it Lytka - shirk, shirk Lytka - part of the leg below the knee
Damask sword - a sword made of especially strong steel It’s not my first time - it’s not my first time Hoe - a hand-held agricultural tool Ant - overgrown with grass (ant)
Biggest - senior Whip - belt whip Namale - soap Unsalted to sip - be deceived in your expectations Nikoli - never
Flint - a stone or piece of steel for cutting fire from flint Once - once, once Come to your senses - come to your senses Scream - plow Chill - freeze
Boarding house - a school with a dormitory for students Blame - reproach, reproach Finger - finger New - welcoming a newborn Polati - wide sleeping bunks in a hut under the ceiling between the stove and the opposite wall Pomelo - a broom wrapped in a rag at the end, used for sweeping ash in the stove Tried - tried on Kidnapper - thief Start - start Clearing - a clearing or lawn in the forest not overgrown with trees Jumpy - fast Pryazhon - fried (fry in oil) Span - an ancient measure, the distance between the thumb and index finger of the hand
Army - army Rosstan - the crossroads of two roads Dress up - persuade
Sazhen - an ancient Russian measure of length, the distance of the arm span from the fingertips of one hand to the fingertips of the other Salop - an ancient outer women's dress Sam-ten - ten times more Sam-pyat - five times more Sam-Thursday - four times more Seredovich - a middle-aged man A scolded tablecloth - a tablecloth woven with patterns Conscience will not hurt - conscience does not bother Shrike, shrike - a bird from the order of passerines Student - a well with icy water Sousek - a chest in which flour or grain is stored Twist - twist, twist several strands into one a thread
Also called archaisms are obsolete words - Old Church Slavonicisms. They have modern Russian equivalents. Why are they needed then?
Archaisms are used in speech when it is necessary to create the flavor of an era. Such words are used in historical novels and scripts for historical films.
Archaisms are also used to create a high style of speech.
Thus, obsolete words play an important role in modern Russian.
The role of homogeneous members in speech.
Homogeneous members are a number of identical members of a sentence, connected by a coordinating connection, which is expressed by conjunctions or only intonation.
Homogeneous members of a sentence are used in speech to specify and accurately describe. When a subject is described using multiple definitions, how much more accurate will the description be?
Homogeneous members of a sentence show simultaneity or sequence of actions.
In artistic speech, with the help of homogeneous members, a figure such as gradation is created - synonyms arranged in increasing order.
So, we have come to the conclusion that homogeneous members of a sentence are important in language.
When do we put commas in sentences with homogeneous definitions?
In syntax, homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions are distinguished. A comma is placed between homogeneous ones, but not between heterogeneous ones. How to distinguish them?
Homogeneous definitions refer equally to the word being defined. In this case, they are pronounced with enumerative intonation and allow the insertion of the conjunction “I” (example).
Heterogeneous definitions refer to the word being defined in different ways. Only the closest ones refer directly to the noun, and the other refers to the entire phrase combination of the first definition with the noun. In this case, definitions are pronounced without enumerative intonation and do not allow the insertion of the conjunction “I” (example).
We once again came to the conclusion that punctuation in the Russian language is not so simple.
Discharges and functions of particles in Russian.
A particle is an auxiliary part of speech that introduces different shades, meanings into a sentence, or serves to form word forms. Particles do not change and are not members of a sentence.
The role of quotations in speech.
Quotes are verbatim excerpts from the statements and writings of someone, given to confirm or explain their thoughts.
If the quotation is not given in full, then an ellipsis is placed in place of the missing words.
If a poetic text is quoted, it is written in a column and without quotation marks.
Without quotations, we would not be able to refer to an authoritative opinion or argue our statement. (examples from the text)
So, quotations are important in speech, especially in reasoning.
The role of rhetorical questions in the text.
Rhetorical questions are questions that do not require an answer. Why then are they needed?
Rhetorical questions are used in artistic and journalistic styles to create a question-and-answer form of presentation. With its help, the illusion of a conversation with the reader is created.
Rhetorical questions are also a means of artistic expression. They focus the reader's attention on the problem.
Thus, a rhetorical question is an important figurative and expressive means
The role of means of expressiveness in speech.
In artistic and journalistic styles of speech, figurative and expressive means are widely used.
For example, epithets - colorful definitions - make speech bright and expressive.
Metaphors—words with a figurative meaning—give speech imagery.
A rhetorical question creates a question-and-answer form of presentation and the illusion of a dialogue with the reader. (On this topic, you need to find expressive means in the text and see what role they play there)
Without expressive means, our speech would be poor and inexpressive.
The role of introductory words and sentences.
Introductory words are special words with which the speaker expresses his attitude to what he is communicating.
Introductory words can express confidence and uncertainty.
With their help you can convey different feelings.
What will you do if you need to tell where you got this information from? Of course, you will then use introductory words that indicate the source of the message.
In a scientific style, where logic is the main thing, you will use introductory words that indicate the order of thoughts.
We often think that introductory words are not needed, but we ourselves do not notice how we use them in speech
Why are commas needed? ?
Commas, like other punctuation marks, help to understand the structure of a sentence, and therefore the meaning of what is written.
Commas can separate parts of a complex sentence or homogeneous members from each other, or they can highlight isolated members or words that are grammatically unrelated to the sentence. So, for example, in the sentence ... (..."), commas separate (homogeneous members of the sentence), and in the sentence ... (..."), commas separate (introductory words, addresses, isolated members)
Without a doubt, commas are very important punctuation marks, without which the meaning of the sentence would not be clear. Just remember the textbook phrase: “You can’t execute, you can have mercy.”
Why do you need a colon?
The colon, like other punctuation marks, helps to understand the structure of the sentence, and therefore the meaning of what is written.
A colon can separate a generalizing word from homogeneous members of a sentence.
A colon is used in a non-union complex sentence.
Without a doubt, the colon is a very important punctuation mark, without which the meaning of the sentence would not be clear.
Why do you need a dash?
Dashes, like other punctuation marks, help to understand the structure of a sentence, and therefore the meaning of what is written.
A dash can separate a generalizing word from homogeneous members of a sentence.
It can also separate direct speech from the words of the author.
A dash is used in a non-union complex sentence.
In addition, a dash separates the subject and predicate.
Without a doubt, the dash is a very important punctuation mark, without which the meaning of the sentence would not be clear.
Why is punctuation needed?
Punctuation is an important branch of linguistics that studies the placement of punctuation marks.
You cannot do without punctuation in a language. Just remember the textbook phrase: “You can’t execute, you can have mercy.” Without a comma in this sentence, it will be unclear whether he should be executed or pardoned.
Punctuation marks perform a dividing and emphasizing function. They can separate homogeneous members or parts of a complex sentence, as in the sentence ... (...") They can also highlight isolated members or words that are grammatically unrelated to the sentence, as in the sentence ... (...")
Without a doubt, punctuation in writing is indispensable.
Why is spelling needed?
Spelling is an important branch of linguistics that studies the rules of spelling words.
You can't do without spelling in a language.
Words that sound the same can be spelled completely differently. And this is not to confuse the poor students, but to distinguish the meanings of words. So, for example, in the sentence ... the word “...” is written (continuously, separately, with a hyphen, with a vowel ...,) And if we wrote this word “...”, then the sentence would receive a completely different meaning. ...
Without a doubt, spelling is indispensable in writing.
Discharges and functions of particles in Russian
A particle is an auxiliary part of speech that adds different shades, meanings to a sentence, or serves to form word forms. Particles do not change and are not members of a sentence.
Particles are divided into two main groups: formative and modal (semantic).
Formatives form the imperative and conditional moods (examples).
Semantic ones introduce various shades of meaning: denial, questioning, clarification, highlighting, doubt (examples).
Thus, particles are an important part of speech, which cannot be avoided in the Russian language.
. The role of antonyms in speech
I agree with Anna Vladimirovna. Antonyms, denoting opposite meanings, help to better express our thoughts. These lexical means make our speech more vivid and expressive.
In V. Peskov’s text they are: “good and bad” people. There are also contextual antonyms, those that express contrastive meaning only in this text. It seems to me that the following antonyms will be contextual: “... a fairy tale makes... worry, rejoice.” In fact, the antonym for the word “rejoice” is the word “sad,” but in V. Peskov’s text these words have the opposite meaning because they show contrasting emotions.
Without antonyms, our speech would be much poorer.
Why study morphology?
Morphology is a branch of grammar that studies parts of speech (nouns, adjectives, verbs, etc.) and their forms. You can’t do without knowing the parts of speech in the Russian language.
Firstly, a person’s written literacy depends on knowledge of parts of speech, because many spelling rules are based on the ability to determine the part of speech of a specific word. For example, the use of a soft sign at the end of a word after a sibilant depends primarily on what part of speech the word is. If this is a noun of the 3rd declension, then “b” is written at the end (daughter, luxury, etc.), and if it is, say, a short adjective, then “b” is not written (mighty, dense). Or the noun “burn” is written with the vowel “o” after the sibilant at the root, and the verb “burn” is written with the vowel “e”.
Secondly, knowledge of parts of speech forms a person’s punctuation literacy. For example, such a part of speech as an interjection (oh, ah, well, etc.) is always highlighted in writing with commas.
Thus, morphology is a very important section of the science of language.
Function of archaismsExamples1. The use of archaisms helps to convey the era of a certain historical period in works of art. To know history, you need to know the words of that time. One of the examples of the use of archaisms is a line from A.S. Pushkin’s poem “The Prophet”: “Arise, prophet, and see, and listen...”. In this case, the word “see” has a synonym in modern speech - “look”, and the word “listen” means “listen”.2. Archaisms enrich our speech, they make it brighter. After all, these words were passed down by many people from generation to generation. There are still many sayings using archaisms that carry an instructive meaning. “Take care like the apple of your eye” - this expression is a phraseological unit, but it is based on the archaisms “apple” and “eye”. If we translate this phrase into modern Russian, it will sound like this: “Take care of the pupil of the eye.” It’s not difficult to guess that “apple” = pupil, and “eye” = eye.
Also, a huge number of people, especially those who have lived a long life, use outdated words in their speech, without knowing it. What we now call archaisms are the most common words for them. These people use archaisms out of habit; for them they are irreplaceable. 3 pages
", the reasons for the obsolescence of words,
2. Help determine the role of obsolete words in speech,
3. Teach how to use dictionaries, extract the necessary information from them,
4. Cultivate interest in the word and its history.
Equipment
Illustrations of obsolete items, explanatory dictionaries by S. Ozhegov, V. Dahl, projector.
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
Assignment for students:
Read the dictionary entry about the word bast shoe in the "School Explanatory Dictionary", and the specified student will find this article in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" (The student will find a detailed description of this word, but the guys will not. Discussion of the situation.
How do you understand the expression: “The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing: some words disappear, others appear”?
2. Working with text.
(Perceived by ear - teacher reads)
The hare had a bast hut, and the fox had an ice hut. Baba Yaga went out into the courtyard, whistled - a mortar with a pestle and a broom appeared in front of her. He enters the little room and sees: unimaginable beauty. Hello, foreign merchants! I swept the box, scraped the bottom, mixed it with sour cream, chilled the window.
Assignment: find outdated words in excerpts from Russian folk tales. Explain the meaning of outdated words using an explanatory dictionary. Explain spellings graphically.
3. Explanation of new material
The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly changing: some words disappear, others appear. The extinction of a word does not happen immediately; first it becomes rarely used, and then disappears altogether. The dying out of the word is caused by life itself. If an object passes away, the word is gradually forgotten.
Among the objects depicted in the photographs, find those that we no longer use, and, therefore, do not use their names in speech. (Students call spinning wheel, spindle, towel, etc.)
Why do words become obsolete? (Students express their opinions, and the teacher summarizes at the end).
Firstly, objects called words, phenomena of reality, disappear from life.
But there is another reason why words become obsolete. Look up the word sash in the dictionary. (Read the dictionary entry).
Are we using this item now? And in a word?
That is, the place of the word sash was taken by another word - belt - with the same meaning. So, many words stopped being used because they were replaced by a new word - a synonym. Words that become obsolete because the objects they denote have disappeared are called historicisms. Words that become obsolete because they have been replaced by synonyms are called archaisms. (These definitions are written on the board and in a notebook.)
4. Consolidation of what has been learned.
1) Distribute historicisms and archaisms into 2 columns. This task is completed in groups. Students work with dictionaries.
7. Reflection.
What was the topic of our conversation in class?
What questions have we asked ourselves?
What questions were we able to answer in this lesson?
What questions remain open? Why?
Homework.
§42 talk about outdated words, ex. 336 (tasks 1 (write outdated words and their interpretations in a notebook), 2). Answer the question. From what ancient words do the words originate: CONFIDENT, FAT, IMPORTANT, RING, THIMBLE, GLOVE, BANGS, ORAL? What dictionary did you use? (Title, author.)
