What is fiction? We learn about it from early childhood, when mom reads a bedtime story. If we ask this question seriously and talk about literature in general, about its types and genres, then, of course, we will remember both scientific literature and documentary prose. Any person, even without a philological education, will be able to distinguish fiction from other genres. How?
First, let's define what fiction is. As textbooks and reference books say, this is a kind of art that, with the help of a written word, expresses the consciousness of society, its essence, views, mood. It is thanks to books that we learn what people thought about in a given time period, how they lived, what they felt, how they talked, what they were afraid of, what values they had. You can read a history textbook and know the dates, but it is fiction that will describe in detail the life and life of people.
To answer the question of what fiction is, you need to know that all books are divided into fiction and non-fiction. What's the Difference? Let us give examples of sentences from fiction.
“The moment I decided for myself that I didn’t want to be here to death, a lock rattled on the door behind me and Fred appeared tired after a night shift. He stared at strangers who filled his house with a terrible stink and unwound paper napkins everywhere ". This is an excerpt from Danny King's first book, Diary of a Robber. He shows us the main features of fiction - description and action. In fiction, there is always a hero - even if it is a story written in the first person, where it is as if the author himself falls in love, robs or travels. Well, without descriptions, too, nowhere, otherwise how can we understand in what kind of environment the heroes operate, what surrounds them, where they go. The description gives us the opportunity to imagine what the hero looks like, his clothes, his voice. And we form our own idea of the hero: we see him the way our imagination helps us to see him, together with the desire of the author. We draw a portrait, the author helps us. That's what fiction is.
What conclusion do we come to? Fiction is fiction, these are heroes invented by the author, invented events, sometimes non-existent places. The writer is given complete freedom of action - he can do whatever he wants with his heroes: send him to the past or the future, to the ends of the earth, kill, resurrect, be offended, steal a million in a bank. If you dig deeper, then, of course, everyone understands that the heroes have prototypes. But often they are so far from book people that it is almost impossible to draw a parallel. The author can only borrow a manner of speaking, walking, describing a habit. It happens that a real person pushes the writer to create a hero and a book. So, Alice Lindell inspired Lewis Carroll to write the favorite book of many children "Alice in Wonderland", and one of the sons of Arthur and Sylvia Davis, friends of Barry James, became the prototype of Peter Pan. Even in historical novels, the boundaries of fiction and truth are always blurred, what can we say about science fiction then? If we take an excerpt from a news feed, from a newspaper, we will know that these are facts. But if we read the same passage on the first page of the novel, it would never occur to us to believe in the reality of what is happening.
Literature teaches us. Since childhood, poems about Moidodyr teach us to observe hygiene, and the story about Tom Sawyer teaches us that a misdemeanor is followed by punishment. What does literature teach adults? For example, courage. Read the secret story of Vasil Bykov about two partisans - Sotnikov and Rybak. Sotnikov, sick, exhausted by a hard road, crippled during interrogations, steadfastly holds on to the last and even out of fear of death does not betray his comrades. And there is much to learn from the example of Rybak. Having betrayed his comrade and himself, he goes over to the side of the enemy, which he later regrets, but the way back is cut off, the way back is only through death. And, perhaps, he is more punished than the hanged comrade. Everything is like from childhood: without punishment there is no offense.
So, the goals of fiction are clearly defined: to show, using the example of heroes, how to act and how not to; tell about the time and place where events take place, and pass on the experience to the next generation.
Remember, at the end of each class before the summer holidays, the teacher gave us a list of fiction, books from which we needed to read by September? And many suffered all summer, barely moving up this list. Indeed, reading what you do not like is simply not interesting. Everyone chooses for themselves - "one loves watermelon, the other pork cartilage," as Saltykov-Shchedrin said. If a person says that he does not like to read, he simply has not found his book. Someone likes to travel in time with science fiction writers, someone likes to solve crimes in detective novels, someone is thrilled by love scenes in novels. There is no single recipe, just as there is no author who would be liked by everyone and perceived equally by everyone, because we perceive fiction subjectively, based on our age, social status, emotional and moral component.
The question of what fiction is can be answered in the following way: it is literature beyond time and place. It does not have clearly defined functions, like a dictionary or a manual for a washing machine, but it has a more important function: it educates, criticizes, gives us a break from reality. Fiction books are ambiguous, they cannot be interpreted in the same way - this is not a carrot cake recipe where a dozen people follow the directions step by step and end up with the same cake. Everything here is purely individual. The book "Schindler's Ark" by author Keneally Thomas Michael cannot be assessed in the same way: someone will condemn the German who saved people, someone will keep this image in their hearts as an example of dignity and philanthropy.
What is fiction? What are its features, why is literature considered an art? The huge number of books in the home library of most people suggests that reading and perception play an important role in our lives. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with the definition of the concept of "fiction", learn about what genera, types and genres it is divided into, what is remarkable about its language. You will learn about all this and much more from the material presented below.
Almost all literary theorists define it as an art, comparing it with painting, music, theater. The bottom line is that in literature, as in any other art, empty material is organized into a new form with a specific ideological content. The types of art differ only in material: in music - sounds, in painting - paints, in architecture - building materials. In this vein, literature is special in that its material is only word and language.
Thus, literature is all written texts, which in turn are divided into groups. This is popular science, reference, educational, scientific, technical and, finally, fiction. We encounter the latter from the first years of life, at school when getting acquainted with the classics of fiction, in adulthood, when a person consciously turns to a book of interest to him. Books are a mirror of society. In a broader interpretation, fiction is those written works that are of artistic value and have aesthetic value.
Interestingly, this view was finally formed in the 19th century thanks to the representatives of romanticism. They considered artistic reality as aesthetically unique, and writers as special people.
The answer to this question has been trying to find for quite a long time. How did it all start? In search of answers, people conducted a huge amount of research, refuted and proved a myriad of hypotheses, analyzed the material and the people who created it. As it turned out, classical - Roman and Greek - fiction is not the most ancient. There were also Sumerian, and Egyptian, and Babylonian - refined and developed literature. Oral forms of literature, beliefs of ancient peoples, mythology of entire civilizations play a very important role. It is with myths or similar forms that the study of any literature begins.
There are three types: epic, lyrical and dramatic. This division is based on how the content of the work is presented to the reader. If the events are described in detail, the position of the author is removed, various characters are present, their appearance is described in detail, and the leading type of speech is narrative, then we are talking about an epic kind of literature. In other words, prose. It includes stories, novels, essays, novellas and other similar works.
If the author wants to tell not so much about events as about the feelings that they caused, he creates works related to lyrics. Within this kind of literature, there are many genres of different sizes and forms, most of which are characterized by the presence of rhyme, rhythm and other elements characteristic of lyrics. In simple words, lyrics - and their variations.
If the subject is depicted in action, it is possible to play it on stage, show it to the viewer and reader, we are talking about the dramatic kind of literature. Here the voice of the author sounds only in remarks - the author's explanations of the actions and replicas of the main characters. The dramatic genre includes various plays, tragedies, comedies.
As mentioned above, the genres of literature, in turn, include various genres - historically established groups of works that are united by certain common features. These are, for example, novels, short stories, novellas, comedies, poems, poems. There is also such a thing as a view. For example, the epic type of novel will be divided into the genres of utopian novel, parable novel, historical novel, and so on. The number is very large. Interestingly, the combination of different genres is popular, and the bolder the combination, the more original the “creation” of the writer will be.
To better understand what fiction is and what its features are, one should consider the specifics of its language. To date, in literary criticism there is no clear distinction between the concepts of "artistic speech" and "artistic style". It is easier to simply combine them into the concept of "artistic language".
Artistic speech is multi-styled. There are different styles with their own characteristics and rules that use different styles. Their choice depends on the author and his idea. Each style has its own "face" - a set of elements that are unique to it. It is interesting that words and phrases that are not included in the "literary language" can be used in a work of art - slang, slang words, lexical units from various dialects. Some writers break the norm on purpose. Any perform an aesthetic function. Words-concepts are translated by writers into words-images. Features of fiction also include vivid emotionality and expression. It should be noted that another important function of literature, in addition to aesthetic, is communicative. Words in not only provide information, but also affect readers emotionally.
What is fiction? Let's try to answer this question in an accessible way. Fiction is a collection of the best images, ideas, thoughts, words. By the way, words are the main tool of the author. With their help, the author's idea, the content of the book is realized, an image is created and the impact on the addressee is carried out.
World fiction influences the formation of the personality and worldview of readers. It is very difficult to exaggerate the effect that it has on the mind of the reader. Verbal art has long been a part of our lives. What role does she play? What is fiction? First of all, it's a story. It is passed down from generation to generation, carrying the experience and values of our predecessors. Great writers appealed to human consciousness and probably expected that this appeal would apply not only to their contemporaries, but also to people in the future.
The fact that literature is able to influence consciousness is supported by many examples. Often the artistic word played the role of an ideological weapon. In the history of literature there are many cases when works were used for propaganda and the formation of a certain opinion. Fiction is a powerful tool with which a person can be conveyed to the norms, rules, principles, vision of the world, attitude to the information received.
Reading fiction is an essential component of the personal development of every person. From books, be it novels, poems or plays, readers learn about life, learn lessons, draw inspiration. Fiction is a storehouse of historical facts, the experience of previous generations, the thoughts of the main philosophers of the past and present. No wonder literature is considered an art that, with the help of simple words, influences the mind. In addition, love for books is instilled from birth also because reading develops imagination, teaches you to imagine situations and draw images. All books that are recognized as classics develop and teach, give knowledge, and Russian fiction is no exception.
Fiction (prose) is one of the types of art that differs from the rest only in the material from which works are created - it is only words and artistic language. The result of creativity in fiction is works that reflect eras, have high artistic value and bring aesthetic pleasure.
Old Russian literature has 2 sources - church books (the Bible, the lives of the saints) and folklore. It existed from the moment of the introduction of writing in Cyrillic (XI century) until the appearance of individual author's works (XVII century). Original works: "The Tale of Bygone Years" (sample of chronicles), "The Tale of Law and Grace", "Instructions for Children" (codes of laws), "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (the genre resembles a story, with a logical development of events and reliability, with art style).
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Peter's transformations were reflected not only in the scientific and technical achievements of Russia in the 18th century, but also made a huge contribution to the development of national culture and art. Rather, they gave the latter a significant acceleration and radically changed the vector of development of domestic art. Until the 18th century, the development of Russian culture took place in isolation, even in isolation, which led to the development of authentic trends and genres closely related to the national and church trends. In the countries of Europe at the same time, literature finally separated from the church and became secular. It was precisely this secularism - the creative freedom and breadth of genres inherent in the European Age of Enlightenment - that was lacking in Rus'.
Russian literature throughout the 18th century developed under the influence of European literature, lagging behind it by about 100 years and passing through the following stages:
« Golden age» domestic literature. The history of Russian literature of the 19th century is inscribed with many names that have received worldwide recognition: A. Pushkin, N. Gogol, L. Tolstoy, A. Chekhov. During this period, the formation of the Russian literary language takes place, such literary trends as sentimentalism, romanticism, critical realism develop, writers and poets master new literary forms and techniques. Dramaturgy and the art of satire reach unprecedented heights.
The development of romanticism (until the 1840s) and realism (from the 1850s to the end of the century), from the 1890s the directions of the Silver Age develop. The most important functions of literature are considered critical, moral-formative, socio-political, the most important genre is the novel. Romantics: Lermontov, Pushkin, realists: Gogol, Turgenev, Leo Tolstoy, Chekhov.
Russian literature of the 20th century is represented by three brightest periods: the era of the "Silver Age" with its contradictions and innovations, the military era, with its deep patriotism, and the huge period of the second half of the century, when socialist realism flourished.
Foreign literature originates in Greece during the period of antiquity and becomes the basis for all existing types of literature. Formed the principles of artistic creativity Aristotle.
With the advent of Christianity, church texts spread, all medieval literature of Europe (IV-XIII centuries) - the processing of church texts, and the Renaissance (from the XIV century, Dante, Shakespeare, Rabelais) - their rethinking and repulsion from the church, the creation of secular literature.
The literature of the Enlightenment is the chanting of the human mind. Sentimentalism, romanticism (Rousseau, Diderot, Defoe, Swift).
XX century - modernism and postmodernism. The chanting of the mental, sexual in man (Proust, Hemingway, Marquez).
Criticism is an organic and inseparable part of all literary art in general, and a critic must definitely have a bright talent as a writer and publicist. Truly well-written critical articles can force the reader to look at a previously read work from a completely new angle, draw completely new conclusions and discoveries, and can even radically change their assessments and judgments on a particular topic.
Literary criticism has close ties with the modern life of society, with its experiences, philosophical and aesthetic ideals of a certain era, contributes to the development of the literary creative process, and has a powerful influence on the formation of public consciousness.
The unity of the creative features of writers who create within a certain historical period is usually called a literary trend, a variety of which can be separate currents and movements. The use of identical artistic techniques, the similarity of worldview and life priorities, close aesthetic views make it possible to attribute a number of masters to specific branches of the literary art of the 19th-20th centuries.
Have you ever thought that any of your actions can lead to a series of incredible events? That just one decision will put you in front of a choice? Life or death? You or your family? What if that family hates you?
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The writer Karpov escapes from America, which has become inhospitable to him, returns to Moscow, to the USSR, where General Secretary Shelepin now rules. How the life of a fugitive writer will turn out in his native country, what will happen to him next - life will show.
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It's not easy being a half-breed, even if you're a princess. The courtiers always strive to put him in his place, the father's favorites are trying to exile him to a monastery, and the daddy himself dreams of marrying. And even picked a groom. True, after meeting me, he decided that it was too early for him to marry and ran away. And so that the child would not be lost, dad sent me to the academy. Wonder how long she'll stay.
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They call him Maestro L "Ombre. He is an aristocrat and the best detective in all of Albizia. His sharp mind helped solve many crimes. He believes in logic, science and evidence, he is arrogant and sarcastic. He loves strong coffee and walks leaning on a massive cane.
Her name is Mia. She owns a tiny shop in a poor neighborhood, selling spices and incense, reading cards and coffee grounds. She loves apples, wears brightly colored skirts, and despises the world of the aristocracy. She believes in intuition, signs and prophetic dreams.
They live in too different worlds, but one day their paths crossed due to a series of strange deaths and yellow magnolia petals.
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If the future chief is still a demon, it is simply impossible to refuse his offer. And it doesn’t even matter that his character is not sugar, and the proposed position of personal assistant to the head of the demonic bestiarium is not at all what he dreamed of. After all, the main thing is that they managed to discern a valuable specialist in yesterday's graduate and they offer to do exactly what the soul lies in. Demons!
Well, the fact that the boss can be explored under the guise is just a nice bonus. That's just ... What is it that he often visits without warning and does not skimp on compliments? We didn't agree!
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AI with a hit in the 19th century ... The Greek was driving across the river ... not like that. A man went on a business trip ... again, not so ... A builder-foreman, aged well over forty, got into a serious accident on an intercity highway and ... woke up in the same place, but in the century before last. He is not a scientist, not a historian, not a commando, just an ordinary layman. Having found out where he has drifted, he is trying to survive, merge with the environment, and with luck return. But what will come out of it and will it come out ...
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Lizaveta had a family, and it didn't. There were prospects, but they disappeared along with the death of the beloved father. Only the sisters remained, the weak aunt and the desire for revenge, which led Lizaveta to Gossip. The newspaper, according to the public, is vile, but popular among the people. And the voice of the people, as you know, is capable of much.
But the head of Lizaveta’s aspirations does not share, and he is not alone ... Nikanor the Just was not to the liking of many with his slyness. However, he will also have to quiet down, since another thing was found: a beauty contest is about to take place in the Arsiysk Empire. And who better than Lizaveta to cover it?
True.
And it is desirable from the inside ... the main thing is not to get into politics. Lizaveta didn't want to. It somehow just came out.
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Having left her native estate for the capital, Nastya thought that she would be able to free her father, imprisoned in a fortress on charges of plotting against the empress. And she almost succeeded, if not for one “but”: by order of the Empress, she must marry, and not for anyone, but for a werewolf ... and before her death, Nastina’s mother ordered the girl to keep her witch power, especially from werewolves, after all, they ... but what are they like, werewolves that Nastya is guarding the empress will have to find out.
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The publication is the most complete annotated collection of works by N.Ya. Mandelstam, prepared on the basis of all published and archival materials identified to date.
This two-volume collection of works by N.Ya. Mandelstam includes her memoirs, essays, articles and notes, including fragmentary ones. It does not include the author's abstract of her dissertation, essays published under the pseudonym "N. Yakovleva" in the anthology "Tarus Pages" (Kaluga, 1961), interviews and extensive - and still not collected together - correspondence.
The collection is based on three large memoir texts - "Memoirs", "About Akhmatova" and "Second Book", which were worked on alternately and sequentially, respectively, in 1958-1965, 1966-1967 and 1967-1970, and the text "On Akhmatova" is, in fact, the first edition of the "Second Book". The books "Memoirs" and "About Akhmatova" form the basis of the first volume of the collection, and "Second Book" - the basis of the second, the rest of the material in each of the volumes is arranged chronologically.
Significant changes have been made to the texts of the books compared to previous editions, based on taking into account all the sources identified so far.
Fiction- publishing house of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for publishing, printing and book trade. The largest and, in a sense, the oldest literary publishing house of the Soviet era. Its history goes back to the State Publishing House of the RSFSR (Gosizdat) - the first major Soviet publishing house, which was established in 1919 on the initiative of A.V. Lunacharsky. On the basis of its literary and artistic sector, the State Publishing House of Fiction Literature (GIHL) was established in 1930, which since 1934 became known as Goslitizdat, and since 1963 - "Fiction".
It should be noted that, despite the renaming of the publishing house in 1963-1965 (especially when publishing previously started collected works, the name “State Publishing House of Fiction” continued to appear on the title
The central branch of the publishing house was in Moscow
In 1967-1977, the publishing house carried out a unique publication - "Library of World Literature", since 1977 it has published a multi-volume "Library of Classics". This publishing house published many popular Soviet-era magazines - Roman-gazeta, Moscow, Neva, Children's Literature and others.
In 1980, the publishing house was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
Documents related to the history of the publishing house are stored in the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI). F. 613. (See: http://guides.rusarchives.ru/browse/guide...)
On October 21, 2010, on the basis of the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1822-r “On approval of the list of federal state unitary enterprises under the jurisdiction of Rospechat”, it acquired the status of a Federal State Unitary Enterprise.
In the 1990s, some kind of joint-stock company Publishing House Vsemirnaya Literatura appeared (Address: 191186 St. Petersburg, Nevsky Prospekt, 28. LR No. 070801 dated 12/28/92).
