Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov - Russian writer; the largest Russian prose writer, the most brilliant Soviet non-intellectual writer, who made the life of the Don Cossacks the subject of intense reader interest; Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR ( 1939
), twice Hero of Socialist Labor ( 1967, 1980
). Laureate of the Stalin ( 1941
), Leninskaya ( 1960
) and Nobel ( 1965
) premiums.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov was born May 11 (24), 1905 on the Kruzhilin farm of the village of the Veshenskaya region of the Don Cossacks.
The illegitimate son of a Ukrainian woman, the wife of the Don Cossack A.D. Kuznetsova and a wealthy clerk (the son of a merchant, a native of the Ryazan region) A.M. Sholokhov. In early childhood, he bore the surname Kuznetsov, received an allotment of land as a "son of a Cossack." In 1913, after being adopted by his own father, lost Cossack privileges, becoming the "son of a tradesman."
He grew up in an atmosphere of obvious ambiguity, which, obviously, gave rise to a craving for truth and justice in Sholokhov's character, but at the same time the habit of hiding everything about himself as much as possible. Numerous legends were spread about Sholokhov's youth during his lifetime, which are not confirmed by anything, contradict historical facts and elementary logic, but the writer never refuted them. He graduated from the four classes of the gymnasium. During the Civil War, the Sholokhov family could be under attack from two sides: for the White Cossacks, they were "non-residents", for the Reds - "exploiters". Young Sholokhov did not have a passion for hoarding (like his hero, the son of a wealthy Cossack Makar Nagulnov) and took the side of the victorious force that established at least relative peace, served in the food detachment, but arbitrarily reduced the taxation of people of his circle; was on trial.
His elder friend and mentor (“mamunya” in letters addressed to her), a member of the RSDLP (b) since 1903 E.G. Levitskaya (Sholokhov himself joined the party in 1932 ), to whom the story “The Fate of a Man” was subsequently dedicated, believed that there was a lot of autobiographical in Grigory Melekhov’s “reelings” in The Quiet Don. Sholokhov changed many professions, especially in Moscow, where he lived for a long time from the end of 1922 to 1926. Then, after gaining a foothold in literature, he settled in the village of Veshenskaya.
In 1923 Sholokhov printed feuilletons, from the end of 1923- stories in which he immediately switched from feuilleton comedy to sharp drama, reaching tragedy. At the same time, the stories were not devoid of elements of melodrama. Most of these works were collected in the collections "Don stories" ( 1925 ) and "Azure Steppe" ( 1926, revised previous collection). With the exception of the story "Strange Blood" ( 1926) , where the old man Gavrila and his wife, who have lost their son, a white Cossack, nurse a communist food orderer and begin to love him like a son, and he leaves them, in the early works, Sholokhov's heroes are mostly sharply divided into positive ones (red fighters, Soviet activists) and negative, sometimes unadulterated villains (whites, "bandits", fists and fists). Many characters have real prototypes, but Sholokhov sharpens almost everything, exaggerates: death, blood, torture, hunger pangs are deliberately naturalistic. Favorite plot of a young writer, starting with "The Mole" (1923 ), - a deadly clash of the next of kin: father and son, siblings.
Sholokhov still unskillfully confirms his loyalty to the communist idea, emphasizing the priority of social choice in relation to any other human relationships, including family ones. In 1931 he republished Don Stories, adding new ones, which emphasized the comic in the behavior of the characters (later, in Virgin Soil Upturned, he combined comedy with drama, sometimes quite effectively). Then, for almost a quarter of a century, the stories were not reprinted, the author put them very low and returned them to the reader when, for lack of a new one, they had to remember the forgotten old.
In 1925 Sholokhov began a work about the Cossacks in 1917, during the Kornilov revolt, under the title Quiet Don (and not Donshchina, according to legend). However, this plan was abandoned, but a year later the writer again takes up the "Quiet Flows the Don", widely unfolding the picture of the pre-war life of the Cossacks and the events of the First World War. The first two books of the epic novel are being published in 1928 in October magazine. Almost immediately there are doubts about their authorship, too much knowledge and experience required a work of this magnitude. Sholokhov brought the manuscripts to Moscow for examination (in the 1990s, the Moscow journalist L.E. Kolodny gave a description of them, although not strictly scientific, and comments on them). The young writer was full of energy, had a phenomenal memory, read a lot (in the 1920s even the memoirs of white generals were available), asked the Cossacks in the Don farms about the "German" and civil wars, and knew the life and customs of his native Don like no one else .
The events of collectivization (and those preceding it) delayed work on the epic novel. In letters, including to I.V. Stalin, Sholokhov tried to open his eyes to the true state of things: the complete collapse of the economy, lawlessness, torture applied to collective farmers. However, he accepted the very idea of collectivization and, in a softened form, with undeniable sympathy for the main communist characters, showed on the example of the Gremyachiy Log farm in the first book of the novel “Virgin Soil Upturned” ( 1932 ). Even a very flattened depiction of dispossession (“right-wing deviator” Razmetny and others) was very suspicious for the authorities and semi-official writers, in particular, the Novy Mir magazine rejected the author’s title of the novel “With Blood and Sweat”. But in many ways the work suited Stalin. The high artistic level of the book, as it were, proved the fruitfulness of communist ideas for art, and courage within the limits of what was permitted created the illusion of freedom of creativity in the USSR. "Virgin Soil Upturned" was declared a perfect example of the literature of socialist realism and soon entered into all school programs, becoming a mandatory work for study.
This directly or indirectly helped Sholokhov continue work on The Quiet Don, the release of the third book (sixth part) of which was delayed due to a rather sympathetic portrayal of the participants in the anti-Bolshevik Upper Don uprising of 1919. Sholokhov turned to Gorky and with his help obtained permission from Stalin to publish this book without cuts ( 1932 ), a in 1934 basically completed the fourth, last, but began to rewrite it again, probably not without increased ideological pressure. In the last two books of The Quiet Flows the Don (the seventh part of the fourth book was published in 1937-1938, eighth - in 1940) a lot of journalistic, often didactic, unambiguously pro-Bolshevik declarations appeared, quite often contradicting the plot and figurative structure of the epic novel. But this does not add arguments to the theory of “two authors” or “author” and “co-author”, developed by skeptics who irrevocably do not believe in the authorship of Sholokhov (A.I. Solzhenitsyn, I.B. Tomashevskaya among them).
In 1935 the already mentioned Levitskaya admired Sholokhov, finding that he had turned "from a 'doubter', a staggering one, into a firm communist, who knew where he was going, who clearly saw both the goal and the means to achieve it." Undoubtedly, the writer convinced himself of this, and although in 1938 almost fell victim to a false political accusation, found the courage to end The Quiet Flows the Don with the complete collapse of his beloved hero Grigory Melekhov, crushed by the wheel of cruel history.
There are more than 600 characters in the epic novel, and most of them perish or die from grief, deprivation, absurdities and the disorder of life. The civil war, although at first it seems “toy” to “German” veterans, takes the lives of almost all the heroes who are remembered and loved by the reader, and the bright life, for which it was supposedly worth making such sacrifices, never comes.
The epic content in The Quiet Flows the Don has not supplanted the novel, the personal. Sholokhov, like no one else, managed to show the complexity of a simple person (intellectuals do not arouse sympathy for him, in The Quiet Don they are mostly in the background and invariably speak bookish language even with Cossacks who do not understand them). The passionate love of Grigory and Aksinya, the true love of Natalya, the debauchery of Daria, the absurd mistakes of the aging Pantelei Prokofich, the mortal longing of the mother for her son who does not return from the war (Ilyinichna according to Grigory) and other tragic life interweaving make up the richest gamut of characters and situations. The life and nature of the Don are meticulously and, of course, lovingly depicted. The author conveys the sensations experienced by all human senses. The intellectual limitations of many heroes are compensated by the depth and sharpness of their experiences.
In The Quiet Don, the writer's talent spilled out in full force - and almost exhausted. Probably, this was facilitated not only by the social situation, but also by the writer's ever-increasing addiction to alcohol. The Science of Hate story 1942) , who campaigned for hatred of the Nazis, in terms of artistic quality turned out to be below the average of the Don Stories. The level of printed in 1943-1944 chapters from the novel "They Fought for the Motherland", conceived as a trilogy, but never finished ( in the 1960s. Sholokhov attributed the "pre-war" chapters with talk about Stalin and the repressions of 1937 in the spirit of the already ended "thaw", they were printed with cuts, which completely deprived the writer of creative inspiration). The work consists mainly of soldiers' conversations and tales, oversaturated with jokes. In general, Sholokhov's failure in comparison not only with the first, but also with the second novel is obvious.
After the war, Sholokhov the publicist paid a generous tribute to the official state ideology, however, he noted the “thaw” with a work of rather high dignity - the story “The Fate of a Man” ( 1956 ). An ordinary person, a typical Sholokhov hero, appeared in a genuine moral greatness that he himself did not realize. Such a plot could not have appeared in the “first post-war spring”, which coincided with the meeting between the author and Andrei Sokolov: the hero was in captivity, he drank vodka without a snack so as not to humiliate himself in front of German officers - this, like the humanistic spirit of the story itself, was by no means not in line with the official literature nurtured by Stalinism. "The Fate of Man" turned out to be at the origins of a new concept of personality, more broadly - a new major stage in the development of literature.
The second book of "Virgin Soil Upturned", completed by the publication in 1960, remained basically only a sign of the transitional period, when humanism bulged out in every possible way, but thereby the desired was presented as real. "Warming" of the images of Davydov (sudden love for "Varyukha Goryukha"), Nagulnov (listening to cock singing, secret love for Lushka, etc.), Razmetnov (shooting cats in the name of saving pigeons - popular at the turn of the 1950s-1960s "Birds of the World"), etc. was emphasized "modern" and did not fit with the harsh realities of 1930, which formally remained the basis of the plot.
The writer L.K. Chukovskaya, in her letter to Sholokhov, predicted creative sterility after his speech at the XXIII Congress of the CPSU (1966) with defamation of A.D. Sinyavsky and Yu. M. Daniel. The prediction came true completely.
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Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov - public figure, famous writer, classic"official" Soviet literature, Hero of Socialist Labor twice, Nobel Prize winner, owner of a unique epic talent, who widely revealed himself in a difficult turning point for Russia. He is known as continuer of the traditions of realism L. N. Tolstoy in the new material of life and in the historical epoch of the country. Sholokhov received world fame thanks to his main work - the novel The Quiet Flows the Don, which is ranked to the most powerful novels of the 20th century.
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Mikhail Alexandrovich was born on May 11 (24), 1905 on the Kruzhilin farm of the Donskoy Army in the Veshenskaya region in a Cossack family. Mother comes from a Ukrainian peasant family, served as a maid, who was married against her will to the Cossack-ataman Kuznetsov, but she left him for a rich "out-of-town" clerk, the manager of a steam mill, Sholokhov, a native of the Ryazan province, growing wheat on Cossack land.
Their newborn illegitimate son Mikhail was initially given the surname of the mother's first husband and the boy was considered the "son of a Cossack" for all Cossack privileges, and only in 1912 he began to be called the "son of a tradesman" after Kuznetsov passed away and his real father adopted him.
Sholokhov's childhood and youthful impressions had a great influence on the formation of his personality as a writer. The boundless expanses of his native land, the Don steppes and the verdant banks of the Don won his heart forever. From an early age, he absorbed the daily work on the ground, his native dialect and soulful Cossack songs.
Education in four grades and an uninvited war is the hard fate of a purposeful writer. Later he will say "Poets are born in different ways", or "I, for example, was born out of the Civil War ..."
Before the revolution, the entire Sholokhov family settled in Pleshakovo of the Yelanskaya village on a farm, where the head of the family worked as a mill manager. The father often took his son on trips around the Don and spent a lot of time with him during the holidays. On these trips, the future writer met the captive Czech Ota Gins and David Mikhailovich Babichev, who many years later entered his novel The Quiet Flows the Don under the names Shtokman and Davydka the Roller. Later, Sholokhov studied at the gymnasium and the parochial school.
Already a high school student, Sholokhov met the Drozdov family and brothers Pavel and Alexei became his good friends. But the friendship turns out to be short-lived due to the tragic circumstances that were associated with the Civil War that unfolded on the Don. The elder brother Pavel Drozdov dies in the first battles when the Red Army enters his native farms. Later Sholokhov would write about him in The Quiet Don under the name of Pyotr Melekhov.
In June 1918, young Sholokhov would become a personal witness to an acute class war when the German cavalry entered the county town of Boguchary, located next to his parent's farm. In the summer of the same year, the White Cossacks will occupy the Upper Don, and in the winter of 1919 the Red Army will enter the lands of Pleshakov, and in the spring the Veshensky uprising will break out.
During the uprising, Sholokhov moved to Rubezhnoye and observed the retreat of the rebels and the escape of the White Cossacks. He becomes an eyewitness of how they cross the Don, as he watches everything that happens from the front line.
In 1920, when Soviet power prevailed on the Don, the Sholokhovs moved to the village of Karginskaya, where later the brave son took an active part in the formation of power. He enters the Karginsky Primary School and receives knowledge in the class taught by Mikhail Grigorievich Kopylov (whom Sholokhov writes about in the novel Quiet Flows the Don under his own name).
Not graduating from the Karginsky school due to a severe eye inflammation disease, and due to a forced trip to the Moscow eye clinic, which is also mentioned in the future novel, he remains in Moscow. After recovery, he enters the preparatory class of the Shelaputin gymnasium, then studies at the Bogucharov gymnasium. During an exciting study, he is interested in books by foreign and Russian classic writers, especially the works of Leo Tolstoy.
Sholokhov called literature and history his favorite sciences taught at the gymnasium, while he gives the greatest preference to literary studies; begins to write poems and stories, compose humorous skits. Later, he tries himself in the profession of a teacher of an educational program school, an accountant, a journalist, an employee of the stanitsa revolutionary committee, and others.
In the autumn of 1920, when the borders of the district were crossed by a detachment of Makhno and the bandits plundered and occupied the Karginsky village, Sholokhov was taken prisoner. The interrogation was conducted by Nestor Makhno and threatened with hanging in the event of another meeting with him.
The next year of Sholokhov's life turned out to be even more difficult, local gangs of Melikhov, Makarov Kondratiev, Makarov and Fomin were formed; detachments of Kurochkin, Maslakov and Kolesnikov broke through to the Don. Sholokhov actively participated in the fight against them until their complete disappearance.
In 1922, he again comes to Moscow to enter the workers' faculty, but they do not take him, since he is not a member of the Komsomol. The writer lives by odd jobs, goes to a literary circle called "Young Guard", develops his writing skills, publishes essays and feuilletons in newspapers, and then creates "Don stories", which in 1926 aroused great interest among readers.
In 1925, the writer returns to his native farm and begins his most important work - the novel "Quiet Don", for whose place in literature, he fights until 1940. Due to various kinds of criticism, the book goes a long and difficult way. The description of the events taking place on the Don is called “anathematically talented”, the description of the Cossack uprising of 1919 is not let out into the light, and only after Stalin intervenes in its fate, it becomes fully published and published.
For "Quiet Don" the writer receives the Order of Lenin, and in 1941 the Stalin Prize of the 1st degree.
In 1957 he publishes the story "The Fate of a Man". By the end of his life, he received the Lenin Prize for "Virgin Soil Upturned" and the Nobel Prize for the famous "Quiet Don".
Twice Hero of Labour, Honorary Doctor of European Universities and holder of 6 Orders of Lenin M. A. Sholokhov dies in 1984 due to diseases (diabetes, stroke and throat cancer), however, doctors were surprised at his perseverance and desire to write.
The creative path of the writer made a huge contribution to Russian literature. The spirit of the people is felt in the works of Sholokhov, which today is a poetic heritage that reflects the real events of the 19th and 20th centuries. Sholokhov discovered new connections in spiritual and material principles between the world and man. His novels for the first time in the history of literature showed the working people in all their diversity, morality and the emotional nature of life.
Sholokhov's work, along with the famous world classics, is a model of world literature, and testifies to the boundless desire to tell history on the example of the writer's own life at all its stages.
Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov - the largest Soviet prose writer, laureate of the Stalin (1941), Lenin (1960) and Nobel (1965) prizes. His great artistic talent, which gradually withered under the influence of Soviet ideological dogmas, manifested itself primarily in the epic novel Quiet Flows the Don, one of the pinnacles of 20th-century literature.
Sholokhov was born on the Don, was the illegitimate son of a Ukrainian woman, the wife of the Don Cossack A.D. Kuznetsova and a wealthy clerk (the son of a merchant, a native of the Ryazan region) A.M. Sholokhov. In early childhood, he bore the surname Kuznetsov and received an allotment of land as a “son of a Cossack”. In 1913, after being adopted by his own father, he lost his Cossack privileges, becoming the “son of a tradesman”; graduated from four classes of the gymnasium (which is more than that of the first Russian Nobel laureate in literature, I.A. Bunin).
During the Civil War, the Sholokhov family could be under attack from two sides: for the White Cossacks, they were “non-residents”, for the Reds they were “exploiters”. Young Mikhail was not distinguished by a passion for hoarding (like one of his future heroes, the son of a wealthy Cossack Makar Nagulnov) and took the side of the victorious force that established at least relative peace. He served in the food detachment, but arbitrarily reduced the taxation of the people of his circle, for which he was on trial. His elder friend and mentor (“mamunya” in letters addressed to her), member of the party since 1903 (Sholokhov - since 1932) E.G. Levitskaya, to whom “The Fate of a Man” was subsequently dedicated, believed that Grigory Melekhov’s “reelings” in “The Quiet Don” contain a lot of autobiographical 11, p. 128]. The young man changed a large number of professions, especially in Moscow, where he lived for a long time from the end of 1922 to 1926. Having established himself in literature, he settled on the Don in the village of Veshenskaya.
In 1923, Sholokhov published feuilletons, from the end of 1923 - stories saturated no longer with superficial feuilletonism, but with sharp drama and tragedy with a touch of melodrama. Most of these works were collected in the collections Don Stories (1925) and Azure Steppe (1926). With the exception of the story “Alien Blood” (1926), where the old man Gavrila and his wife, who have lost their son, a white Cossack, nurse a hacked-up communist food orderer, begin to love him like a son, and he leaves them, in Sholokhov’s early works, the characters are mostly sharply They are divided into positive (Red fighters, Soviet activists) and negative, sometimes "unalloyed" villains (whites, "bandits", kulaks and kulaks). Many characters have real prototypes, but Sholokhov sharpens almost everything, exaggerates; death, blood, torture, the pangs of hunger, he deliberately presents naturalistically. The favorite plot of the young writer, starting with "The Mole" (1923), is a deadly clash between the closest relatives: father and son, brothers. The neophyte Sholokhov invariably confirms his loyalty to the communist idea, emphasizing the priority of social choice over any human relationships, including family ones. In 1931, he republished Don Stories, supplementing the early collection with new ones, in which the comic prevailed; at the same time in “Virgin Soil Upturned” he combined comedy with drama, sometimes quite effectively. Then, for a quarter of a century, the stories were not reprinted, the author himself rated them low and returned them to the reader when, for lack of a new one, he had to recall the well-forgotten old.
In 1925, Sholokhov began a work about the fate of the Cossacks in 1917, during the Kornilov rebellion, under the title “Quiet Don” (and not “Donshchina”, according to a common legend). He quickly abandoned this idea, but a year later he began to work on The Quiet Don again, widely deploying pictures of the pre-war life of the Cossacks and the events of the World War. The first two books of the epic novel were published in 1928. The young writer was full of energy, had a phenomenal memory, read a lot (in the 1920s even the memoirs of white generals were available), asked the Cossacks in the Don farms about the “German” and Civil wars , and he knew the life and customs of his native Don like no one else.
The events of collectivization (and immediately preceding it) delayed work on the epic novel. In letters, including I.V. Stalin, Sholokhov tried to reveal the true state of affairs in the new society: the complete collapse of the economy, lawlessness, torture applied to collective farmers. He accepted the very idea of collectivization and, in a softened form, with undeniable sympathy for the main characters - the communists, showed the processes of collectivization using the example of the Gremyachiy Log farm in the first book of Virgin Soil Upturned (1932). Even the rather flattened depiction of dispossession, the figure of the “right deviator” Razmetnov, etc. were very suspicious for the authorities and semi-official writers; in particular, the Novy Mir magazine rejected the author's title of the novel, With Blood and Sweat. Ho as a whole, the work suited Stalin. The high artistic level of the book, as it were, proved the fruitfulness of communist ideas for art, created the illusion of freedom of creativity in the USSR. "Virgin Soil Upturned" was declared a perfect example of the literature of socialist realism.
The success of “Virgin Soil Upturned” directly or indirectly helped Sholokhov continue work on “The Quiet Don”, the publication of the third book (sixth part) of which was delayed due to a very sympathetic portrayal of the participants in the anti-Bolshevik Upper Don uprising of 1919. With the help of M. Gorky, Sholokhov obtained permission from Stalin for the publication of this book in its entirety (1932) and in 1934 basically completed the fourth, last one, but began to rewrite it again, probably not without the influence of the tightened political atmosphere. In the last two books of The Quiet Flows the Don (the seventh part of the fourth book was published in 1937-1938, the eighth - in 1940) there appeared a lot of journalistic, often didactically unambiguous pro-Bolshevik declarations, quite often contradicting the plot and figurative structure of the epic novel. But this does not at all confirm the theory of “two authors” or “author” and “co-author”, developed by skeptics who do not believe in the authorship of Sholokhov (A.I. Solzhenitsyn among them). In all likelihood, Sholokhov himself was his "co-author", preserving mainly the artistic world that he created in the early 30s. Although in 1938 the writer almost fell victim to a false political accusation, he nevertheless found the courage to end The Quiet Flows the Don with the complete collapse of his beloved hero Grigory Melekhov, a truth-seeker crushed by the wheel of cruel history.
In The Quiet Don, Sholokhov's talent burst out in full force - and was largely exhausted. The story “The Science of Hate” (1942), imbued with hatred for the Nazis, turned out to be below the average of the “Don Stories” in terms of artistic quality. The level of those printed in 1943-1944 was higher. chapters from the novel “They fought for the Motherland”, conceived as a trilogy, but never completed (in the 60s, Sholokhov wrote “pre-war” chapters with conversations about Stalin and the repressions of 1937 in the spirit of the already ended “thaw”, they were printed with banknotes). The work consists mainly of soldiers' conversations, oversaturated with jokes. In general, Sholokhov's failure in comparison not only with the first, but also with the second novel is obvious.
During the "thaw" Sholokhov created a work of high artistic merit - the story "The Fate of a Man" (1956). The second book of "Virgin Soil Upturned", published in 1960, remained basically only a sign of a transitional historical period. The “warming” of the images of Davydov (sudden love for Varyukha-goryukha), Nagulnov (listening to cock singing, etc.), Razmetnov (shooting cats in the name of saving pigeons) and others was emphasized “modern” and did not fit with the harsh realities of 1930 ., remaining the basis of the plot.
Human rights activist L.K. Chukovskaya predicted creative sterility to Sholokhov after his speech at the XXIII Congress of the CPSU (1966) with defamation of those convicted for literary works (the first trial of the Brezhnev era against writers) A.D. Sinyavsky and Yu.M. Daniel. Ho written by Sholokhov at his best time is a high classic of literature of the 20th century.
Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov was born on May 24, 1905 in the Kruzhilin village of the village of Vyoshenskaya in the Donetsk District of the Don Cossack Region (now the Sholokhov District of the Rostov Region).
In 1910, the Sholokhov family moved to the Kargin farm, where at the age of 7 Misha was admitted to the men's parish school. From 1914 to 1918 he studied at the men's gymnasiums in Moscow, Boguchar and Vyoshenskaya.
In 1920-1922. works as an employee in the village revolutionary committee, a teacher for the eradication of illiteracy among adults in x. Latyshev, a clerk in the procurement office of Donprodkom in Art. Karginskaya, tax inspector in art. Bukanovskaya.
In October 1922 he left for Moscow. Works as a loader, a bricklayer, an accountant in the housing department on Krasnaya Presnya. He gets acquainted with representatives of the literary environment, attends classes of the Young Guard literary association. By this time, the first writing experiments of the young Sholokhov belong. In the autumn of 1923, Youthful Truth published two of his feuilletons - "Test" and "Three".
In December 1923 he returned to the Don. On January 11, 1924, she gets married in the Bukanovskaya Church with Maria Petrovna Gromoslavskaya, the daughter of the former stanitsa ataman.
Maria Petrovna, having graduated from the Ust-Medveditsky diocesan school, worked in Art. Bukanovskaya was first a teacher in an elementary school, then a clerk in the executive committee, where Sholokhov was an inspector at that time. Having married, they were inseparable until the end of their days. The Sholokhovs lived together for 60 years, raising and raising four children.
December 14, 1924 M.A. Sholokhov publishes the first work of art - the story "Birthmark" in the newspaper "Young Leninist". Joins the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers.
Sholokhov's stories "The Shepherd", "Shibalkovo Seed", "Nakhalyonok", "The Mortal Enemy", "Alyoshkino's Heart", "Two Husbands", "Kolovert", the story "The Path-road" appear on the pages of the central publications, and in 1926 they are published collections "Don stories" and "Azure steppe".
In 1925, Mikhail Alexandrovich begins to create the novel Quiet Flows the Don. During these years, the Sholokhov family lived in Karginskaya, then in Bukanovskaya, and since 1926 - in Vyoshenskaya. In 1928, the Oktyabr magazine began publishing Quiet Don.
After the publication of the first volume of the novel, difficult days come for the writer: success with readers is overwhelming, but an unfriendly atmosphere reigns in writers' circles. Envy of a young writer, who is called a new genius, gives rise to slander, vulgar fabrications. The position of the author in describing the Upper Don uprising is sharply criticized by the RAPP, it is proposed to throw out more than 30 chapters from the book, to make the main character a Bolshevik.
Sholokhov is only 23 years old, but he steadfastly and courageously endures attacks. He is helped by confidence in his abilities, in his vocation. To stop malicious slander, rumors of plagiarism, he turns to the executive secretary and member of the editorial board of the Pravda newspaper, M. I. Ulyanova, with an urgent request to create an expert commission and give her the manuscripts of The Quiet Don. In the spring of 1929, the writers A. Serafimovich, L. Averbakh, V. Kirshon, A. Fadeev, V. Stavsky spoke in Pravda in defense of the young author, relying on the conclusions of the commission. The rumors stop. But spiteful critics will more than once attempt to denigrate Sholokhov, who speaks honestly about the tragic events in the life of the country, does not want to deviate from historical truth.
The novel was finished in 1940. In the 1930s, Sholokhov began work on the novel Virgin Soil Upturned.
During the war, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov was a war correspondent for the Soviet Information Bureau, the Pravda and Krasnaya Zvezda newspapers. He publishes front-line essays, the story "The Science of Hatred", the first chapters of the novel "They Fought for the Motherland." The State Prize awarded for the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" Sholokhov transfers to the USSR Defense Fund, and then acquires four new rocket launchers for the front at his own expense.
For participation in the Great Patriotic War, he has awards - the Order of the Patriotic War of the 1st degree, medals "For the Defense of Moscow", "For the Defense of Stalingrad", "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945", "Twenty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War".
After the war, the writer finishes the 2nd book of "Virgin Soil Upturned", works on the novel "They Fought for the Motherland", writes the story "The Fate of a Man".
Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov - Nobel, State and Lenin Prizes in literature, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, holder of an honorary doctorate in law from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland, PhD from the University of Leipzig in Germany, Doctor of Philology from Rostov State University , Deputy of the Supreme Council of all convocations. He was awarded six Orders of Lenin, the Order of the October Revolution, and other awards. In the village of Vyoshenskaya, a bronze bust was erected to him during his lifetime. And this is not a complete list of prizes, awards, honorary titles and public duties of the writer.
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The purpose of the lesson: acquaintance with the life and work of M.A. Sholokhov; repetition of previously studied works of the writer; strengthening listening skills.
Lesson objectives.
Lesson type: combined.
Equipment.
It doesn’t happen that you can save yourself in the cold all your life. (M. A. Sholokhov)
During the classes
1. Organizational moment.
2. Learning new material.
Viewing the presentation is accompanied by a teacher's story and a conversation with students on the previously studied works of M.A. Sholokhov. During the teacher's lecture, the children make a brief summary of the lecture.
| slide number | Activities of the teacher and students |
| Screensaver | SHOLOKHOV Mikhail Alexandrovich |
| slide number 1 | Born in the Voronezh province in 1905, died in 1984. He was also a deputy of the Supreme Soviet, and a member of the CPSU, and an academician ... But behind all this fence of dry figures is a living person with his own attitude to both the civil war and collectivization? |
| slide number 2 | It may seem strange, but the scientific biography of M. A. Sholokhov has not yet been written. Meanwhile, Sholokhov is an extremely controversial figure, reflecting the contradictions of the Soviet era itself, the events of which to this day give rise to polar assessments, both in science and in public opinion. |
| slide number 3 | Of course, any person is characterized primarily by the environment in which he was born and raised, his family and his attitude towards it. |
| slide number 4 | Mom ... He is her only one. He taught her to read. She was proud of him. He will die during the bombing on July 8, 1942, one might say, in front of his son, who two days ago arrived at her village to heal after a severe concussion. She rejoiced, cried and blessed Stalin, whom Misha had met the day before. |
| slide number 5 | The rest of his relatives, from the purely political positions of that time, are simply dangerous. His wife Maria Petrovna is the daughter of a Cossack ataman. Her brother, a “religious minister”, was repressed twice. Another close relative, Vladimir Sholokhov, the headmaster of a local school, is accused of instilling “religious views” in the school, children reading the Bible. |
| slide number 6 | Sholokhov began to study literature in 1923, publishing feuilletons, later stories in which two principles are strangely intertwined: the comic and the tragic. The first books are published in mass editions: "Alyoshkin's Heart", "Nakhalyonok". |
| slide number 7 | These works, the main theme of which is the Civil War, the activities of the food detachments, were later included in the collection Don Stories. Sholokhov sharpens almost everything here, exaggerates: death, blood, torture, hunger pangs is deliberately naturalistic. The favorite plot of the young writer, starting with "The Mole", is a deadly clash between the closest relatives: father and son, brothers. |
| Video clip | |
| slide number 8 | In 1925, Sholokhov began work on the novel Quiet Flows the Don, drawing pictures of the pre-war life of the Cossacks, the events of the First World War. Almost immediately, doubts arise about the authorship of the novel; a work of this magnitude required too much knowledge and experience. |
| slide number 9 | But the young writer is full of energy, reads a lot (in the 1920s even the memoirs of white generals were available), asks the Cossacks in the Don farms about the “German” and civil wars, and knows the life and customs of his native Don like no one else. |
| slide number 10 | “Quiet Flows the Don” is a story not only about the grandiose Revolution, about the cataclysm experienced by Russia, about a man who found himself in a terrible meat grinder of the Civil War, but also a story about dramatic, tragic love. |
| slide number 11 | Sholokhov writes about this surprisingly: Aksinya was reborn from the meadow mowing. As if someone made a mark on his face, burned the brand. When meeting with her, the women grinned maliciously, shook their heads after her, the girls envied, and she proudly and high carried her happy, but shameful head. |
| slide number 12 | Sholokhov is a courageous man. Courage - at the age of twenty to aim at an epic, not to back down and finish "Quiet Flows the Don" the way he finished it. After all, Grigory Melekhov, having visited both the Reds and the Whites, having lost almost everything he had, returns home, realizing that for any person the true values are peace, home, children, and not class struggle at all. |
| slide number 13 | The courage of the writer was appreciated: for the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov was awarded the Nobel Prize. |
| slide number 14 | Sholokhov's courage is his relationship with Stalin. In times of repression, suffering people turned to major figures in science, culture, and art for help. "What we can do?! - they shrugged their hands. “We are powerless to help ...” And Sholokhov? .. He writes a stunning letter to Stalin about the misfortune of the early 30s: “The black wings of hunger are spread over the Quiet Don ...” Sholokhov stands up for the son of A. Akhmatova-Lev Gumilyov, helps the writer A. Platonov. |
| slide number 15 | Paradoxically, the next novel, Virgin Soil Upturned, was written in support of collectivization. |
| slide number 16 | The name - "Virgin Soil Upturned" - was not given by Sholokhov to the novel. It was pasted in the editorial office of the magazine. The author's is more truthful: "With blood and sweat", although not so beautiful. But Sholokhov would not have been Sholokhov if he had simply written a propaganda novel: what a wonderful language this work has, what bright characters! And the characters are just amazing. |
| slide number 17 | The war prevented Sholokhov from completing his novel Virgin Soil Upturned. Throughout the Great Patriotic War, the writer was a war correspondent for the Soviet Information Bureau, Pravda and Krasnaya Zvezda, fought in battles near Smolensk and Rostov-on-Don, saw the defeat of the Nazis near Stalingrad. |
| slide number 18 | Like every real writer, he, talking about cruel and tragic things, deeply believed in a person, his good beginning. The pinnacle of this optimism, love of life was the story “The Fate of a Man”. |
| slide number 19 | Sholokhov's story is a story about what a terrible tragedy war is for a person, about the fate of a soldier who lost everything in this war, and an orphan boy. It is no coincidence that the writer says this about his heroes: “Two orphaned people, two grains of sand.” |
| Video fragment (scene with Vanyushka) | |
| slide number 20 | This scene is so touching, so emotional, you are so worried about the fate of Andrei Sokolov, a man whose eyes are “as if sprinkled with ashes”, that a desire to help involuntarily arises, and many children respond to this misfortune with their creativity. |
| slide number 21 | You can have different attitudes towards the work of Mikhail Sholokhov, but one thing must not be forgotten: he was truly the son of his century. And sometimes the writer bent under the weight of the burden of historical time, but did not break, he still conveyed to his descendants the main thing - the truth. Because he did not cowardly try to free himself from the fetters of time. And from a bitter fate, his common fate with the people. |
3. Summing up the lesson.
1. What new things did you learn today in the lesson from the life of M.A. Sholokhov?
2. How did you imagine the writer after listening to the story?
3. What personality traits of M.A. Sholokhov struck you, surprised you?
4. Explanation of homework.
Complete the design of the abstract on the life and work of N.V. Gogol, using the textbook material and electronic resources.
