The word "guitar" in almost every person evokes romantic memories and is associated with something bright and pleasant. But few people think that the history of such a familiar and seemingly ordinary instrument goes deep into the past millennia. The history of the guitar begins around 2 - 2.5 thousand years BC. The ancestors of the modern guitar found during excavations of ancient civilizations date back to these periods:
The ancient instruments, which are the progenitors of the guitar, had a rounded hollow body made from a dried gourd, a processed piece of wood, or from a tortoise shell.
The Chinese ancestors of the modern guitar already had top and bottom bodies connected by a shell, and made of wood, although the shape of the body was still rounded and resembled the modern version very slightly.
For the first time, an image of an instrument with a structure characteristic of a guitar (body, neck and head) was found in Spain, and attributed to the 2nd century BC. ad. Later, in the 8th century, in the manuscripts of the monk Beatus Lieban, in painted miniatures with images of musicians, there are musical plucked instruments with different structures. The design of many of them testifies to the evolution of the structure of the guitar.
Gradually, plucked musical instruments (viola, guitar, vihuela) became widespread, and from the 10th century. their images are present in works of art, on bas-reliefs and in manuscripts.
From the 13th century The guitar is very popular in Spain. It becomes here the main musical instrument, loved by kings and common people. During this period, two types of guitar are distinguished:
In the XVI century. The most widely used is the hand vihuela, which has a more convex and narrow body compared to the guitar. This instrument, decorated with rich inlays, was especially loved in noble houses. Here he first acted as an accompaniment. Subsequently, thanks to the talented musicians Luis Milano and M. de Fuenllana, he becomes a solo instrument. In the same period, the first pieces written specifically for the guitar appeared.
17th century becomes a turning point in the development of the guitar. The period is characterized by the popularization of musical works and the writing of the first guide to learning to play the guitar. The Spanish composer and priest Gaspard Sanz in 1674 publishes the "Playing Manual" for the guitar. Thanks to a professional approach to game theory and the advice of a top-level master, the book went through several editions and remained the best guide for many decades.
The guitar received the greatest recognition as a concert instrument in the 18th - 19th centuries. in. Having originally 4, 8, 10 strings, by this period the guitar has an almost modern look with 6 strings. A very important role in the popularization of the instrument was played by the musical activity of famous composers in this era, who wrote many concertos, fantasies, plays, sonatas, variations specifically for the solo guitar: the Italians M. Giuliani and M. Carcassi, the Spaniards D. Aguado and F. Sor.
Of course, the history of the guitar was most developed in Spain. Passionate and impulsive Spaniards were the first to fully appreciate the nobility and expressiveness of the instrument.
Aguado was even called the "Beethoven of the guitar", and Sor is still ranked among the best virtuosos of the game today.
Many talented composers wrote for the guitar and were fans of this instrument:
The second half of the 19th century is characterized by a decline in the popularity of guitar music, and a new instrument, the piano, comes to the fore. The sonority, richness and loudness of this instrument's music pushed it forward in the music world for a while.
The beginning of the 20th century marked a new push in popularization for the guitar:
The ubiquity and popularity of the guitar is inextricably linked with the leap in scientific and technological progress. The mass production of the instrument made it accessible to the masses, and the opening of music schools made it possible for everyone to learn how to play.
Until the middle of the 17th century. an instrument in Russia could occasionally be found in aristocratic houses as an accidental curiosity. Later, when Italian travelers introduced the guitar to Russian society, its unusually romantic and soulful music received widespread recognition.
The founder of the development of the direction of guitar music in Russia is the composer A. Sikhra (19th century), who improved the seven-string guitar. She gained popularity not only among the upper classes, but was also quite loved by the lower classes.
The earliest surviving evidence of stringed instruments with a resonating body and neck, the ancestors of the modern guitar, dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. e. Images of the kinnor (a Sumerian-Babylonian stringed instrument, mentioned in biblical legends) were found on clay bas-reliefs during archaeological excavations in Mesopotamia. Similar instruments were also known in ancient Egypt and India: the nabla, nefer, zither in Egypt, and the vina and sitar in India. In ancient Greece and Rome, the cithara instrument was popular.
The predecessors of the guitar had an elongated round hollow resonating body and a long neck with strings stretched on it. The body was made in one piece - from a dried pumpkin, tortoise shell, or hollowed out from a single piece of wood. In the III-IV centuries AD. e. in China, ruan (or yuan) and yueqin instruments appear, in which the wooden body was assembled from the upper and lower soundboards and the sides connecting them. In Europe, this caused the introduction of the Latin and Moorish guitars around the 6th century. Later, in the 16th century, the vihuela instrument appeared, which also influenced the formation of the design of the modern guitar.
The word "guitar" comes from the fusion of two words: the Sanskrit word "sangita" which means "music" and the Old Persian "tar" which means "string". According to another version, the word "guitar" comes from the Sanskrit word "kutur", meaning "four-stringed" (cf. setar - three-stringed).
As the guitar spread from Central Asia through Greece to Western Europe, the word “guitar” underwent changes: “cithara (ϰιθάϱα)” in Ancient Greece, Latin “cithara”, “guitarra” in Spain, “chitarra” in Italy, “guitare” in France, "guitar" in England, and finally, "guitar" in Russia. The name "guitar" first appeared in European medieval literature in the 13th century.
The guitar is a body with a long neck, called the neck. The front, working side of the neck is flat or slightly convex. Strings are stretched parallel along it, fixed at one end on the stand of the body, and at the other - on the peg box at the end of the neck. On the stand of the body, the strings are tied or fixed motionless with the help of lambs, on the headstock with the help of a peg mechanism that allows you to adjust the tension of the strings.
The string lies on two saddles, lower and upper, the distance between them, which determines the maximum length of the working part of the string, is the scale of the guitar. The nut is located at the top of the neck, near the head. The lower one is mounted on a stand on the body of the guitar. As the saddle can be used so-called. "saddles" are simple mechanisms that allow you to adjust the length of each string.
Guitar neck with frets and frets
The sound source in the guitar is the vibration of the stretched strings. The pitch of the extracted sound is determined by the tension of the string, the length of the vibrating part and the thickness of the string itself. The dependence here is as follows: the thinner the string, the shorter and the stronger it is stretched, the higher it sounds. A mathematical description of this relationship was obtained in 1626 by Maren Mersenne and is called "Mersenne's law".
The main way to control the pitch when playing a guitar is to change the length of the vibrating part of the string. The guitarist presses the string against the neck, causing the working part of the string to contract and the tone emitted by the string to increase (the working part of the string in this case will be the part of the string from the saddle to the guitarist's finger). Halving the length of a string causes the pitch to rise by an octave.
Contemporary Western music uses the 12-note equal temperament scale. To facilitate playing in such a scale, the guitar uses the so-called. "frets". A fret is a section of the fretboard with a length that causes the string's sound to rise by one semitone. On the border of the frets in the fretboard, metal frets are strengthened. In the presence of fret thresholds, changing the length of the string and, accordingly, the pitch, becomes possible only in a discrete way.
The distance from the saddle to the saddle of the nth fret is calculated by the formula
Modern guitars use steel, nylon, or carbon strings. The strings are numbered in order of increasing string thickness (and decreasing pitch), with the thinnest string numbered 1.
The guitar uses a set of strings - a set of strings of different thicknesses, selected in such a way that, at the same tension, each string gives a sound of a certain height. The strings are placed on the guitar in order of thickness - thick strings giving a lower sound - on the left, thin - on the right (see picture above). For left-handed guitarists, the string order can be reversed. Currently, a large number of varieties of string sets are produced, differing in thickness, manufacturing technology, material, sound timbre, type of guitar and application.
The correspondence between the string number and the musical sound produced by that string is called "guitar tuning" (guitar tuning). There are many tuning options to suit different types of guitars, different genres of music, and different playing techniques, such as:
| Number of strings | build | String | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | 11th | 12th | ||
| 6 | "Spanish" | e¹ mi | h si | g salt | d re | A la | E mi | ||||||
| 6 | "Drop C" | d¹ | a | f | c | G | C | ||||||
| 6 | "Drop D" | e¹ | h | g | d | a | D | ||||||
| 6 | fourth | f¹ | c¹ | g | d | A | E | ||||||
| 7 | "Russian" (tertsovy) | d¹ | h | g | d | H | G | D | |||||
| 12 | standard | e¹ | e¹ | h | h | g | g¹ | d | d¹ | A | a | E | e |
By itself, a vibrating string sounds very quiet, which is unsuitable for a musical instrument. Two approaches are used to increase the volume in the guitar, acoustic and electric.
In the acoustic approach, the body of the guitar is constructed in the form of an acoustic resonator, which makes it possible to achieve a volume comparable to that of the human voice.
The electric approach mounts one or more pickups on the body of the guitar, the electrical signal from which is then amplified and reproduced electronically. The volume of the guitar sound is limited only by the power of the equipment used.
A mixed approach is also possible, where a pickup or microphone is used to electronically amplify the sound of an acoustic guitar. In addition, the guitar can be used as an input device for a sound synthesizer.
Simple and cheap guitars have a plywood body, while more expensive and therefore high-quality instruments have a body traditionally made of mahogany, or rosewood, maple is also used. There are exotic options, such as amaranth, or wenge. In the manufacture of electric guitar bodies, craftsmen are content with more freedom. Guitar necks are made from beech, mahogany, and other hardwoods. Some masters in the manufacture of electric guitars use other materials. Ned Steinberger founded the Steinberger Sound Corporation in 1980, which made guitars from various graphite composites.
The large number of varieties of guitars that currently exist can be classified according to the following criteria:
Dreadnought
Semi-acoustic archtop
Russian guitar
Ukulele
In classical music, a solo guitar is considered a guitar without an ensemble, all parts are taken by one guitar, the most difficult type of guitar playing
Guitarist playing the guitar
When playing the guitar, the guitarist pinches the strings on the fretboard with the fingers of the left hand, and uses the fingers of the right hand to produce sound in one of several ways. In this case, the guitar is in front of the guitarist (horizontally or at an angle, with the neck raised to 45 degrees), leaning on the knee, or hanging on a belt thrown over the shoulder. Some left-handed guitarists turn the guitar neck to the right, tug the strings accordingly, and change hand functions—stringing with the right hand, playing with the left. The following hand names are for a right-handed guitarist.
The main method of sound production on the guitar is the plucking - the guitarist hooks the string with the tip of his finger or fingernail, slightly pulls it back and releases it. When playing with fingers, two types of plucking are used: apoyando and tirando.
Apoyando(from Spanish apoyando, leaning) - a pinch, after which the finger rests on the adjacent string. With the help of apoyando, scale passages are performed, as well as cantilena, which requires a particularly deep and full sound. At tirando(Spanish) tirando- pull), unlike apoyando, the finger after the pluck does not rest on the adjacent, thicker string, but freely sweeps over it, in notes, if the special apoyando sign (^) is not indicated, then the work is played by the tirando technique.
Also, a guitarist can, with a little effort, strike with three or four fingers “scattered” on all or several adjacent strings at once. This method of sound production is called rasgueado. The name "Ches" is also common.
Mediator
The pinch and strike can be performed with the fingers of the right hand or with the help of a special device called a plectrum (or plectrum). A plectrum is a small, flat plate of hard material such as bone, plastic, or metal. The guitarist holds it in the fingers of his right hand and plucks or strikes the strings with it.
Slap is widely used in many modern styles of music. To do this, the guitarist either hits a single string hard with his thumb, or picks up and releases a string. These techniques are called slap (hit) and pop (hook), respectively. Mostly slap is used when playing the bass guitar.
In recent decades, an unusual playing technique has been actively developed, a new way of sound production, when the string begins to sound from light finger strikes between the frets on the fretboard. This method of sound production is called tapping (when playing with two hands - two-handed tapping) or TouchStyle. Tapping sounds like piano playing, with each hand playing its own independent part.
With the left hand, the guitarist clasps the neck from below, leaning his thumb on its back side. The remaining fingers are used to clamp the strings on the working surface of the neck. The fingers are designated and numbered as follows: 1 - index, 2 - middle, 3 - ring, 4 - little finger. The position of the hand relative to the frets is called "position" and is indicated by a Roman numeral. For example, if a guitarist plucks a string 1m finger on the 4th fret, then they say that the hand is in the 4th position. An unstretched string is called an "open" string.
big barre
The strings are clamped with the pads of the fingers - thus, with one finger, the guitarist presses one string at a certain fret. If the index finger is placed flat on the fretboard, then several, or even all, strings on the same fret will be pressed at once. This very common technique is called " barre". There is a big barre (full barre), when the finger presses all the strings, and a small barre (half-barre), when a smaller number of strings (up to 2) is pressed. The rest of the fingers remain free during the setting of the barre and can be used to clamp the strings on other frets. There are also chords in which, in addition to the big barre with the first finger, it is necessary to take a small barre on the other fret, for which any of the free fingers is used, depending on the “ease of playing” a particular chord.
In addition to the basic guitar playing technique described above, there are a variety of techniques that are widely used by guitarists in different styles of music.
Reception "bend"
In the guitar, most of the available sounds can be extracted in several ways. For example, the sound mi of the first octave can be taken on the 1st open string, on the 2nd string on the 5th fret, on the 3rd string on the 9th fret, on the 4th string on the 14th fret, on 5th string at 19th fret and 6th string at 24th fret (on a 6-string guitar with 24 frets and standard tuning). This makes it possible to play the same work in several ways, extracting the necessary sounds on different strings and pinching the strings with different fingers. In this case, a different timbre will prevail for each string. The arrangement of the guitarist's fingers when playing a piece is called the fingering of that piece. Various harmonies and chords can also be played in many ways and also have different fingerings. There are several approaches to recording guitar fingerings.
In modern musical notation, when recording works for the guitar, a set of conventions is used to indicate the fingering of the work. So, the string on which it is recommended to play the sound is indicated by the string number in a circle, the position of the left hand (fret) - by a Roman numeral, the fingers of the left hand - by numbers from 1 to 4 (open string - 0), the fingers of the right hand - by Latin letters p, i, m and a, and the direction of the strike by the mediator - with the icons (down, that is, away from you) and (up, that is, towards you).
In addition, when reading music, you should remember that the guitar is a transposing instrument - works for the guitar are always recorded an octave higher than they sound. This is done in order to avoid a large number of additional lines from below.
An alternative way to record works for the guitar is tablature notation, or tablature. The guitar tablature does not indicate the pitch, but the position and string of each sound of the piece. Also in tablature notation, finger designations similar to those used in musical notation can be used. Tablature notation can be used both independently and in conjunction with musical notation.
Listen to this tablature
There are graphic representations of fingerings that are widely used in the process of learning to play the guitar, also called "fingering". A similar fingering is a schematically depicted fragment of a guitar neck with dots marked with the places for setting the fingers of the left hand. Fingers can be designated by their numbers, as well as the position of the fragment on the fretboard.
There is a class of software products "guitar chord calculators" - these are programs that can calculate and graphically show all possible fingerings for a given chord.
Capo on fretboard
The guitar is the most common plucked musical instrument with a hollow wooden body acting as a resonator, a long neck and strings. The guitar is used in many musical genres, both as a solo instrument and as an accompanist.
The history of the appearance of the guitar goes back many millennia in history, in the period. The first mentions of stringed plucked instruments are found in ancient Egypt and India; there are also similar descriptions in biblical legends. The main progenitors of the guitar are nabla and cithara. They were a hollow round body and a long neck with strings. The body was made from a dried pumpkin, carved from a single piece of mold wood and even from a tortoise shell. The image of the nabla also conveyed the concept of “good”.
The instrument closer to the guitar was the Chinese ruan, whose body was assembled from two parts. It was thanks to this instrument that the Latin and Moorish guitars appeared.
Chinese ruan
In Europe, the guitar appeared in the VI century, it was a Latin guitar. It is believed that the Arabs brought it along with the lute. The concept of "guitar" may have come from the merging of two ancient concepts "sangeet" and "tar", which in translation means, respectively, "music" and "string". There is also an assumption that the name "guitar" comes from another word - "kutur", meaning four-string. The first mention of a musical instrument under the name guitar appeared in the 13th century.
All guitars were three- or four-string before the instrument became widespread in Spain and became the country's folk musical instrument. In the 16th century, a five-string guitar appeared. It was a Spanish guitar. All strings except the first were doubled. In the 18th century, another, sixth, string appeared on the guitar. The strings become single, and the range of sound expands significantly. The shape of the tool changes slightly, now it is larger and more convenient. A lot of music is written for the guitar. From Spain, the guitar migrates to Europe and America, where it is gaining immense popularity.
Already in the 19th-20th centuries, a seven-string guitar appeared in Russia, which was called Russian.
With the advent of interest in the guitar, it subsided a little, but already in the 20th century it returned with renewed vigor thanks to the appearance of electric guitars that conquered musicians, especially those who adhered to rock culture.
Numerous American jazz and blues bands of the 1920s and 1930s used the acoustic guitar, but it was almost inaudible, so it ended up as a purely rhythm instrument. Yes, even there it was barely audible, despite the fact that since the end of the 19th century, many efforts have been made to increase the volume of this instrument, in particular, changing the shape of the resonator box and the invention of steel strings.
One way or another, the banjo was sometimes preferred to the guitar - for a brighter sound. The first known experiments with amplifying a guitar sound with electricity date back to 1923 - when a certain engineer and inventor Lloyd Loar (Lloyd Loar)
invented an electrostatic pickup that recorded the vibrations of the resonator box of stringed instruments. On the market, however, his invention failed.
and Adolph Rickenbacker
invented an electromagnetic pickup in which an electrical impulse ran through the winding of a magnet, creating an electromagnetic field in which the signal from the vibrating string was amplified.
Their tool, when it appeared, was immediately called a "frying pan" - and for a reason: firstly, the case was all-metal. Secondly, in its form, the instrument really outrageously resembled a frying pan with a disproportionately long "handle" - a neck.
But in the end it was the first viable and competitive electric guitar. Towards the end of the 1930s, numerous experimenters began to cross-breed the snake with the hedgehog, and to incorporate pickups into more traditional-looking hollow-body Spanish guitars. However, here they were in for a fair amount of trouble in the form of resonant pickups (feedback), distortion and other extraneous noise. In the end, they were dealt with with the help of a double counter winding - which extinguished the "excessive" signal. However, at first, musicians and engineers tried to solve this problem differently: all sorts of rags and scraps of newspapers were stuffed into the resonator box in order to get rid of unnecessary vibrations - and, consequently, interference.
Well, the most radical option was proposed by guitarist and engineer Les Paul (Les Paul)
— he just made the soundboard for the guitar monolithic. Unlike the frying pan, however, the deck of the Les Paul was made of wood. Pine, to be exact. And it was called - "Bar" (The Log). For the pickup, Les Paul used parts from a telephone and, most interestingly, a really ordinary wooden block as a body. Due to the fact that the sound was amplified by means of electronics, there was no need for an acoustic resonator. When he first appeared in public, his instrument was looked at like hell knows what. In the end, to reassure the audience, Les Paul attached to the bar - just for show - the body of the Spanish guitar. And after that, he was accepted with a bang. With a solid or almost solid piece, other engineers began to experiment.
In the 1940s, this was done by Mr. Paul Bigsby (Paul Bigsby)
and Mr. Leo Fender.
Familiar names, right? By 1950, the company founded by Fender was already churning out copies of the guitar under the name Esquire (squire, or squire), then the Broadcaster followed, followed by the Telecaster, and in 1954 the first Stratocaster saw the light. Since then, this guitar model has not changed much.
I must say that at that time musicians were rarely satisfied with the fate of a single particle of the immense pop conveyor: there were much more people who wanted to find something of their own. This was reflected in the instruments, guitars in particular. They also searched for their own sound, and many, especially pop music performers, sought to make the appearance and their instruments unique. The sound of the guitar does not particularly depend on the shape of the body, so the designers tried their best.
The ABBA guitarist had an instrument shaped like a star. The Scorpions guitarist has been playing dovetail guitar for many years. In general, guitars of such "extreme" forms were preferred by glam rock performers.
As for the manufacturers, in the field of perverted-extreme outlines of instruments, perhaps the most famous companies are Gibson and B.C. Rich. The same "dovetail", which is called the Flying V or V Factor, was invented by Gibson designers.
By the way, there is a whole gallery of photos of B.C. Rich guitars at this address, so you can see all these predatory angles with your own eyes. On Gibson guitars - a company that was for a long time the largest manufacturer of electric guitars in the United States.
For guitarists: be careful, there is a threat of a sharp activation of salivation. It happened that designers from the guitar industry wanted to show off so much that the sense of proportion and taste simply refused. For example, in one music salon at the All-Russian Exhibition Center, for many years a guitar hung on the wall, the soundboard of which was made in the form of a dragon twisted into a figure eight. The wood carver was skilled, but, God knows, serious musicians will not buy this guitar for anything. Firstly, it is inconvenient to hold such a jagged-scaly monster in your hands, and secondly, even from a distance it seems that this guitar rests on your word of honor: if you sneeze, it will crumble.
Wall decoration, nothing more.
Any champion of acoustic instruments will tell you that an electric guitar is not a guitar at all, but only a completely different instrument that looks like it, which retained its old name by inertia. That it is a different instrument, the proponents will be right. As for inertia
- then something has been preserved for too long: for more than 70 years. Moreover, on the booklets of all kinds of rockers, the word guitar sometimes denotes an electric guitar, and an acoustic guitar has to be designated separately. The trouble with the electric guitar is that without the processing aids—that is, an amplifier and speakers—it is, unlike its acoustic ancestor, useless.
Now they surprise with their shapes and variety of all sorts of lotions and bells and whistles!
The guitar is an ancient stringed plucked musical instrument. Nowadays, the guitar is one of the most common and popular musical instruments in the world.
Today, there are more than seven types of different guitars, each of which has its own history, sound and features. The guitar is used in the vast majority of genres of modern music due to the wide range of sounds and capabilities of this instrument. History of the guitar as a musical instrument we capture centuries and entire epochs. Let's briefly describe the origin of the guitar.
The origin of the guitar has many different roots. The ancestors of modern guitars appeared as early as the 2nd millennium BC and find echoes in almost all world cultures. One of the most ancient relatives of the guitar is the Sumerian-Babylonian instrument " kinnor" (in the image on the right). It is also a direct relative of the Jewish psaltery or hymnal(In the Old Testament of the Bible there are many references to the harp and the psalter, the ten-stringed instrument on which King David performed his psalms).
known in Egypt and India sitar, nabla, zither, wine. In ancient Rus' were widespread harp. In ancient Greece and Rome they played kithara. Stringed instruments appeared in China in the 3rd-4th centuries AD ruan and yueqin.
Japanese inventions appealed to the Europeans, who also began to experiment with stringed musical instruments. The appearance and characteristics of modern guitars were influenced by European instruments of the 6th century: Moorish and Latin guitars. Later, in the 15th and 16th centuries, vihuela, which is most similar to the modern classical guitar.
Probably the earliest "ancestor" of the word "guitar" was the ancient Egyptian "sitra" and the Indian "sitar". In ancient Greece and Rome, "cithara" was formed, which later migrated to Europe as the Latin "cithara" (chitarra). This is where modern words came from: "guitarra" (Spanish), "guitare" (French), "guitar" (English), etc. In different languages, this word sounds almost the same, which indicates common roots and about its final design in medieval Europe.
Further development of the musical instrument "guitar"In the 15th century in Spain, a stringed instrument with five paired strings was invented, which was called the Spanish guitar. FROM the modern guitar, it was also distinguished by an elongated body and a small scale. The Spanish guitar acquires its final design in the 18th century in the same country. The musical instrument guitar has received all-European distribution and many works from great composers. Today, this tool is still as popular and is called classical guitar .
The classical guitar came to Russia in the 18th century and underwent minor changes in our homeland. The most basic thing: one string was added and the guitar's tuning changed. All this led to the creation of a separate species - Russian seven-string guitar . It was very popular until the middle of the 20th century, but after the 2nd World War, its influence weakened, and in Russia they began to play the classical six-string guitar more often.
In the second half of the 19th century, the piano came to the fore in music, which temporarily overshadowed the guitar championship. But the 20th century was a real triumph for the guitar. Its popularity has risen to become global due to the rise of the electric guitar and other new styles.
The discovery and introduction of electricity into human life also influenced the guitar. The idea of picking up sound through magnetic pickups and amplifying it through speakers came from Adolf Rickenbecker, and the first electric guitar was patented in 1936. In the 50s of the 20th century, Lester William Polfuss (the famous Les Paul) introduced the first solid-body electric guitar (without cavities in the body). Electric guitar
had a powerful influence on modern music and even spawned several new genres (rock and roll, rock, metal...).
The development of American culture and music led to the emergence of a separate type of acoustic guitar - pop / American / non-classical. The Americans modified the classical guitar: they changed the strings to metal, narrowed the neck and changed the shape of the body (the options are different, but everything is mostly in the direction of increase). They inserted a truss rod into the neck to control the deflection. The pop American guitar became the ancestor of the genres "country", "bluegrass" and some others. Depending on the shape of the body, these guitars are also called
