In the socio-psychological novel Defeat, the author talks about the years of the Civil War. The composition and plot of the work are constructed in such a way that it is possible to vividly and fully show the sprouts of a new consciousness in the souls of the fighters of the partisan detachment. According to the author, this is the inevitable result of revolutionary events. Fadeev, proving this idea, combined two different genres - the epic and the novel. Therefore, the plot of the work turned out to be very branched, in which various characters and events are intertwined.
Alexander Fadeev became a writer of the "new time". To reflect reality, he tried to show the appropriate mood and introduced new images into literature. The writer's task was to create a hero of the revolution who would be understandable to a new, mostly illiterate, reader. By design, the thoughts and language of the book were to be accessible to people who do not have sufficient education. It was necessary to approach the issues of spiritual values in a different way, to present such concepts as humanism, love, loyalty, duty, struggle, heroism from a different perspective.
At this turning point for the country, from 1924 to 1926, Alexander Fadeev wrote the novel "Rout", which "grew" from the story "Snowstorm". The writers who dedicated their creations to the Civil War tried to somehow “smooth out” sharp corners, restrained their heroes, preventing them from sinking to the limit. In Fadeev, on the contrary, the heroes are merciless, dishonorable and cruel. The terrible conditions in which they are, his characters justify by the fact that this serves to protect and win the revolution. By serving a higher idea, they justify all actions and crimes, assuring themselves that the end justifies the means. The heroes of Fadeev are guided by such moral principles.
Fadeev defined the main idea of the work “The Defeat” something like this: “In the war, people are hardened. Those unable to fight are weeded out.” Of course, from the position of today, such an assessment of the Civil War is unfair. But the undoubted merit of the author is that he was able to show the Civil War from the inside. And in the foreground of his novel is not military action, but a person. It is no coincidence that the author chose the time when the detachment was defeated for the description. Fadeev wanted to show not only the successes, but also the failures of the Red Army. In dramatic events, the characters of people are revealed most deeply. Such is the history of the creation of Fadeev's "Rout".
The action of the novel takes place in the Far East, where the author himself fought in those years. But in the foreground is not the historical component, but socio-psychological problems. Partisan detachment, war - only a background for displaying the inner world of heroes, internal conflicts and psychology. The plot of the novel is very complex, and in a short period - from the beginning of the defeat to the breakthrough - various characters of the characters, as well as the attitude of the author towards them, emerge. Several figures - Levinson, Morozka, Metelitsa and Mechik - occupy a central place in Fadeev's work "The Rout".
Let's take a closer look at the characteristics of the characters. All of them are in equal conditions, which most accurately allows you to judge the characters of these characters and their actions.
Levinson is a true hero of the times. He is the epitome of the heroic in the novel. Born and raised in a working-peasant environment, he devoted his entire life to serving the people. In the soul of this man lives the dream of a bright and strong man - this, in his opinion, should be the new man of the revolution. The commander of the detachment is a man of duty, "special", cold and unshakable, "of the right breed", putting only business above all else. He knew that people would follow a strong and confident man. And he knew how to be.
Levinson makes decisions quickly, acts confidently, does not share his feelings and thoughts with anyone, "presents ready-made yes or no." His heroism is based on an unwavering belief in his ideals; the end goal justifies "even death". This confidence gives him the moral right to cruel orders. For the sake of a great idea, many things can be allowed: to take away the only pig from a Korean family with six children (after all, isn’t the squad fighting for their future?); poison a wounded comrade, otherwise he will slow down the retreat of the detachment ...
But it is not easy for Levinson to remain cold and impregnable: he suffers when he learns about the murder of Frolov, does not hide his tears when he learns about the death of young Baklanov. He feels sorry for the Korean, and his children, and his own, suffering from scurvy and anemia, but he stops at nothing, the main thing for him is to fulfill the task of the Bolshevik center. He thinks about the future and the present: “How can you talk about a wonderful person if millions of people are forced to live an unbearably poor and miserable life?”
The former shepherd Metelitsa also stands out in the work. The pride of the entire detachment is the platoon Metelitsa, whom the commander appreciates for his "extraordinary tenacity" and "vitality." He became one of the main characters only towards the middle of the novel. The author explained this by the fact that he saw the need to reveal in more detail the character of this hero. It was too late to reshape the novel, and the episode with this character somewhat disturbed the harmony of the narrative. The snowstorm is clearly sympathetic to the author of the work "Rout" - Alexander Alexandrovich Fadeev. Firstly, this can be seen from the appearance of the hero: a slender hero, he was beaten by "extraordinary value" and "vital force". Secondly, the hero's lifestyle - he lives as he wants, does not limit himself in anything, a hot, brave and determined person. Thirdly, the actions of Metelitsa prove the positive individuality of this hero: he fearlessly goes on reconnaissance, behaves with dignity in captivity, and accepts death for the sake of others. He is bold and determined.
Being in captivity, Metelitsa calmly reflects on death and wants only one thing - to die with dignity. He holds himself proudly and independently and rushes to save the shepherd boy, who did not want to give the scout to the whites. Metelitsa's courage admires those around her. He was like that even before the war, in his working life, and the revolution helped the hero not to lose his best qualities. In the novel, he is like Levinson's addition: Metelitsa's determination, as it were, complements the commander's doubts and experience. This can be seen from how cleverly the commander replaces Metelitsa's impetuous plan with a more cautious and calm one. Having been captured, he understands the hopelessness of his situation. But he behaves like a real hero and wants to show those who will kill him that "he is not afraid and despises them." According to the author, the new hero must be imbued with class hatred, which is capable of making a real hero out of an ordinary fighter.
Ivan Morozov or, as he is called, Morozka, did not look for easy ways in life. This is a broken and talkative guy of about twenty-seven, a miner. He always walked long-established paths. Frost feels compassion for Mechik and saves him. Frost showed courage, but still considered Mechik somehow "clean" and despised this person. The guy is very offended that Varya falls in love with Mechik, he indignantly asks: “And with whom? In entogo, mother's? And with contempt calls the opponent "yellow-mouthed", from pain and anger. In personal relationships, he fails. Ivan has no one closer to Varya, so he seeks salvation in the detachment, with his comrades.
When he steals melons, he is very afraid that for this offense he will be kicked out of the squad. For him, even the thought of this is unbearable, he lives the life of the detachment so closely, he has become accustomed to these people. And he has nowhere to go. At the meeting, he says that for each of them "a drop" of his blood would "give" without hesitation. He respects his commanders - Levinson, Dubov, Baklanov - and tries to imitate them. They also saw in the guy not only a good fighter, but also a good-natured, sympathetic person, and they supported and trusted him in everything. It was he who was sent to the last reconnaissance. And Frost justifies their trust - at the cost of his life, he warns his comrades about the danger. Even in his last moments, he thinks of others. That's why Fadeev loves the main character of "Rout" - for devotion and courage, for kindness, because Morozka did not take revenge on Mechik for Varya.
The heroic images of Frost and Snowstorm are opposed to the image of the Sword. This is a nineteen-year-old boy who came to the detachment voluntarily to amuse his vanity. To prove himself at least somehow, he rushes to the hottest places. He fails to get close to the members of the detachment, because he loves himself first of all. He had the idea of desertion, although no one drove him to the detachment - he came himself. This means only one thing: he did not come here to serve the cause, but simply to show off his valor. He stands apart from the rest. And when he deserts, the reader is not surprised.
Levinson calls Mechik weak and lazy, a "worthless hollow flower". He deserved that attitude. An egoist who values himself highly does not confirm this by his actions. At decisive moments, he, without realizing it, acts vilely. His selfish nature was revealed already when he allowed to step on a photo of a girl, and then he himself tore it up. He became angry with his horse for its unattractive appearance and stopped caring for the animal, dooming it to unsuitability. It is the Sword that is to blame for Frost's death. The terrible thing is that after the betrayal, he is tormented by the thought not of the death of his friends, but that he, the Mechik, “soiled” his spotless soul.
And yet in Alexander Fadeev's novel "The Rout" he is not the embodiment of evil. Most likely, the reason for his failures is that Mechik comes from a different social stratum, a representative of the "rotten intelligentsia." He was not instilled with the features inherent in other members of the detachment, who for the most part come from the people - rude, courageous, devoted to the people and loving him. In Mechik, the desire for beauty is alive. He was shocked by the death of Frolov. He is inexperienced, young and afraid of not being liked by those among whom he will live. Perhaps this makes him act so unnaturally.
Continuing the analysis of Fadeev's "Defeat", let's get acquainted with the members of the detachment. Those who surround Levinson are just as dedicated to the idea. His assistant Baklanov imitates the commander in everything. Platoon Dubov, a former miner, is an honest and loyal person who can be sent to the most critical areas. Demoman Goncharenko is a shrewd and reliable Red Army soldier.
Levinson's rank-and-file comrades know their inner strength, but, burdened with daily bustle, "feel their weakness" and "entrust" themselves to stronger comrades like Baklanov, Dubov, Levinson. As the analysis of "The Rout" showed, Fadeev, in order to highlight the heroic in the characters more clearly, creates anti-heroic images, such as Chizh and Mechik. They are happy to shirk "from the slumber, from the kitchen", retreat or betray, they are always so "clean" and "with the right speech."
We continue the analysis of Fadeev's "Defeat". The epic plot of the novel is based on the story of the defeat of a partisan detachment. The exposition features a respite in the war in the Far East, when a partisan detachment settled down to rest. The plot of the work is the receipt of a package from the headquarters with the instruction - "keep small but strong combat units." The development of the action in the work is the maneuvers of the detachment, which breaks away from the Kolchak and Japanese pursuing it. The ring of encirclement shrinks irreparably, and the climactic scene in the novel is a night fight in the swamp, which tests who and what is. Immediately after the climax, the denouement follows - the remnants of the detachment, having got out of the swamps, are ambushed and almost all of them die under machine-gun fire. Only nineteen fighters remain alive.
Concluding the analysis of Fadeev's "Defeat", let's consider the composition of the novel, which has some peculiarities. One of them is the slow unfolding of events. Almost the entire work is, as it were, a development of the action, and only in the last two chapters is there a climax and a denouement. This construction is explained by the genre feature of the work. "The Rout" is a socio-psychological novel, the purpose of which is to depict human characters and significant changes in the minds of the characters during the revolutionary struggle. The peculiarity of the novel is also that Fadeev skillfully intertwines the epic plot and individual storylines of the characters.
For example, he introduces Frost's backstory at the moment when he is traveling with a package to Shaldyba's detachment. It is this pause in events, while the orderly is driving, that the author fills in with a story about the hero's past life. In the same way, the author depicted many significant details from the former life of Mechik, Baklanov, Levinson, Vari, Metelitsa, Dubov. Thanks to this construction, Fadeev's heroes turned out to be bright and convincing. The author chose the direct order of the narrative, where each chapter is an independent story, in the center of which is a separate character.
The novel "The Rout" is built very well and has a dynamic plot. At the same time, the author does not confine himself to the chronicle of the defeat of Levinson's detachment, Fadeev reveals the characters of the characters and problems in "The Rout" not only through the general plot, but also through their interaction and comparison.
The story-"sketch" "Snowstorm", then expanded into the novel "The Defeat", was written in 1924-1926, when the beginning writer had only the story "Against the Current" and the story "Spill" in the asset. Alexander Fadeev wrote about what he knew well: he lived in the Ussuri region, in 1919 he joined the Special Communist Detachment of Red Partisans and until 1921 he participated in hostilities in the Far East.
Separate chapters of "Rout" first appeared in "Young Guard", it was published in full by the Leningrad publishing house "Priboy". P. I. Lebedev-Polyansky criticized Lenoblit for issuing a permit visa to "Surf", noting several dozen "unacceptable words and expressions." In subsequent Soviet editions, “frivolities” like “your mother” and “weak to the front” were excluded from “Rout”.
The action takes place during the Civil War in the Ussuri region. The red partisan detachment under the command of Levinson (prototype - Iosif Maksimovich Pevzner) stands in the village and does not conduct combat operations for a long time. People get used to a deceptive calmness. But soon the enemy begins a large-scale offensive, a ring of enemies is shrinking around the detachment. The squad leader does everything possible to keep the squad as a fighting unit and continue the fight. The detachment, pressed against the bog, makes a path and crosses it into the taiga. In the finale, the detachment falls into a Cossack ambush, but, having suffered heavy losses, breaks through the ring.
Fadeev Alexander Alexandrovich (1901, Kimry, Tver province. - 1956, Peredelkino near Moscow) - writer.
The best works of A. Fadeev of the twenties include the novel “Rout”. “I can define them this way,” Fadeev said. - The first and main idea: in a civil war, the selection of human material takes place, everything hostile is swept away by the revolution, everything incapable of real revolutionary struggle, accidentally falling into the camp of the revolution, is eliminated, and everything that has risen from the true roots of the revolution, from the millions of people, is tempered, grows, develops in this struggle. There is a huge transformation of people.”
This transformation of people is successful because the revolution is led by the foremost representatives of the working class - the communists, who clearly see the goal of the movement and who lead the more backward and help them to re-educate.
The importance of this topic is enormous. During the years of the revolution and the civil war, a radical change took place in people's consciousness, reason eventually triumphed over prejudice, the elements of "savagery", inevitable in any war, receded into the background before the majestic picture of the growth of the "reason of the masses", millions of working people were involved in an active political life.
“The Defeat” by A. Fadeev is one of the first works of art that reflected the ideological content of the October Revolution. The action in "Rout" lasts approximately three months. There are only about thirty characters. This is unusually small for works that tell about the civil war. The focus of the author - the image of human characters. The main event - the military defeat of the partisan detachment - begins to play a significant role in the fate of the heroes only from the middle of the work. The entire first half of the novel is a story of human experiences, conditioned not by a private military episode, but by the totality of the conditions of the revolutionary era, when the character of the characters is outlined, the author shows the battle as a test of the qualities of people. And at the moment of hostilities, all attention is absorbed not by describing them, but by characterizing the behavior and feelings of the participants in the struggle. Where he was, what this or that hero was thinking about - the writer is busy with such questions from the first to the last chapter. No event described
not as such, but necessarily taken as a cause or effect of the hero's internal movements. The real historical basis of the “Rout” was the events of the three most difficult months. The novel gives a general broad picture of the great reshaping of the world and man, which began on October 25, 1917. “Rout” is a book about the “birth of man”, about the formation of a new, Soviet self-consciousness among the most diverse participants in historical events.
There are no random “happy” endings in Fadeev’s novel. Acute military and psychological conflicts are resolved in it only by the heroic exertion of the physical and spiritual strength of the participants in the war. By the end of the novel, a tragic situation develops: the partisan detachment finds itself in an enemy environment. The way out of this situation required great sacrifices, bought at the cost of the heroic death of the best people of the detachment. The novel ends with the death of most of the characters: only nineteen survived. The plot of the novel, therefore, contains an element of tragedy, which is emphasized in the title itself. Fadeev used the tragic material of the civil war to show that the working masses did not stop at any sacrifice in the struggle for the victory of the proletarian revolution and that this revolution raised ordinary people, people from the people, to the level of heroes of historical tragedy.
The characters of "The Rout" are organically soldered by a real event that lies at the basis of the novel. The system of images as a whole gives rise to such a strong sense of naturalness that it seems to have developed as if spontaneously.
The small world of a partisan detachment is an artistic miniature from a real picture of a large historical scale. The system of images of The Rout, taken as a whole, reflected the real-typical correlation of the main social forces of the revolution. It was attended by the proletariat, the peasantry and the intelligentsia, led by the Communist Party. Fadeev managed to find high poetry in the deeds and thoughts of the Bolshevik, in the activities of the party worker, and not in psychological additions to him and not in his external naturalistic decorations.
“The Defeat” not only continues to live in our days, but is also enriched by time, precisely because, along with the present, the book also contains the future. In the novel by A. Fadeev, the future, the dream became part of reality. “The Rout” is one of the first works of our literature in which socialist realism is present not in the form of separate elements, but becomes the very basis of the work. A. Fadeev's work on "The Rout" can serve as an example of the artist's great exactingness, the writer's correct understanding of his high responsibility to the reader.
The novel is the result of long thought and great creative work. “I worked a lot on the novel,” says the author, “rewriting individual chapters many times. There are chapters that I have rewritten over twenty times.” But the author carried out a complex work related to clarifying the meaning of individual expressions, improving the style.
In the center of her attention are the complex moral problems of duty, fidelity, humanism, love that faced Fadeev's heroes and continue to excite us today.
http://www.coolsoch.ru/arh/liter/arh4/377.htm
"Rout"- a novel by the Soviet writer A. A. Fadeev.
The story-"sketch" "Snowstorm", then expanded into the novel "The Defeat", was written in 1924-1926, when the novice writer had only the story "Against the Current" and the story "Spill" in the asset. Alexander Fadeev wrote about what he knew well: he lived in the Ussuri Territory, in 1919 he joined the Special Communist Detachment of Red Partisans and until 1921 he participated in hostilities in the Far East. He experienced with his detachment not only victories, but also defeats, he saw not only the heroism of the red fighters, but also cowardice and betrayal; knew the hard life of partisan detachments and their difficult relationship with the civilian population - all this, without embellishment, Alexander Fadeev described in his novel.
"Rout" brought fame and recognition to the young writer, put forward one of the main hopes of the emerging Soviet literature; in the future, social activity left Fadeev less and less time for literary creativity, - “The Rout” remained his best work.
The action takes place during the Civil War in the Ussuri region. The red partisan detachment under the command of Levinson stands in the village and does not conduct combat operations for a long time. People get used to a deceptive calmness. But soon the enemy begins a large-scale offensive, a ring of enemies is shrinking around the detachment. The squad leader does everything possible to keep the squad as a fighting unit and continue the fight. The detachment, pressed against the bog, makes a path and crosses it into the taiga. In the finale, the detachment falls into a Cossack ambush, but, having suffered monstrous losses, breaks through the ring.
Abstract on the topic:
rout- a novel by the Soviet writer A. A. Fadeev.
The novel tells about the history of the partisan red detachment. The events take place in the 1920s during the Civil War in the Ussuri region. The inner world of the main characters of the novel is shown: the commander of the detachment Levinson and the fighters of the detachment Mechik, Morozka, his wife Varya.
The partisan detachment (like other detachments) stands in the village and does not conduct combat operations for a long time. People get used to a deceptive calmness. But soon the enemy launches a large-scale offensive, crushing partisan detachments one by one, and a ring of enemies closes around the detachment. The squad leader is doing everything possible to save people and continue the fight. The detachment, pressed against the bog, makes a path and crosses it into the taiga. In the finale, the detachment falls into a Cossack ambush, but, having suffered monstrous losses, breaks through the ring.
The novel was written in 1924-1926 by the then little-known writer Alexander Fadeev.
The novel "Rout" occupies, of course, one of the highest places in the literature of Russia. Moreover, it should rightfully occupy much more and be known much more widely. The author gives a real picture of the events of the Civil War. There is no talk of any victorious march of socialist ideas in the work. It is about something else: about human relationships, about the difficult conditions in which one must survive, and about loyalty to the cause, of course, not without it. It is no coincidence that Fadeev chooses to describe in the novel the time when the detachment was already defeated. He wants to show not only the successes of the Red Army, but also its failures. Just do not immediately think about the anti-Soviet "double day" of the novel, this is an obvious Soviet work.
But there was some metamorphosis. One of the main positive characters of the novel is a man named Levinson. Fadeev made the positive hero of his work a Jew by nationality, in accordance with the internationalism of the 20s. But already in the following years, literally a few years later, a long state anti-Semitic campaign began in the country, and the positive Jewish hero no longer had a worthy place in the new Soviet literature. For the school curriculum of that time, until the end of the 80s, the book was recommended as optional. And literary critics, deliberately distorting the work, stubbornly called not Levinson, but Frost, the main character. Nowadays, the novel is being studied, published and available on the Internet.
The “rout” brought fame and recognition to the young writer, Fadeev became one of the leading writers of the USSR, although after this novel he had practically no time for books, as he became more of a literary official than a writer.
