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“War and Peace” is a Russian national epic, which reflects the national character of the Russian people at the moment when their historical fate was being decided. L.N. Tolstoy worked on the novel for almost six years: from 1863 to 1869. From the very beginning of work on the work, the writer's attention was attracted not only by historical events, but also by the private, family life of the characters. Tolstoy believed that the family is a cell of the world, in which the spirit of mutual understanding, naturalness and closeness to the people should reign.
The novel "War and Peace" describes the life of several noble families: Rostovs, Bolkonskys and Kuragins.
The Rostov family is an ideal harmonious whole, where the heart prevails over the mind. Love binds all family members. It manifests itself in sensitivity, attention, cordial closeness. With the Rostovs, everything is sincere, comes from the heart. Cordiality, hospitality, hospitality reign in this family, the traditions and customs of Russian life are preserved.
Parents raised their children, giving them all their love, They can understand, forgive and help. For example, when Nikolenka Rostov lost a huge amount of money to Dolokhov, he did not hear a word of reproach from his father and was able to pay the card debt.
The children of this family have absorbed all the best qualities of the “Rostov breed”. Natasha is the personification of cordial sensitivity, poetry, musicality and intuitiveness. She knows how to enjoy life and people like a child.
The life of the heart, honesty, naturalness, moral purity and decency determine their relationships in the family and behavior in the circle of people.
Unlike the Rostovs, the Bolkonskys live by reason, not by heart. This is an old aristocratic family. In addition to blood ties, the members of this family are also connected by spiritual closeness.
At first glance, relations in this family are difficult, devoid of cordiality. However, internally these people are close to each other. They are not inclined to show their feelings.
The old prince Bolkonsky embodies the best features of the service (nobility, devoted to the one to whom he “sworn.” The concept of honor and duty of an officer came first for him. He served under Catherine II, participated in the campaigns of Suvorov. He considered the main virtues to be mind and activity ", and vices - laziness and idleness. The life of Nikolai Andreevich Bolkonsky is continuous activity. He either writes memoirs about past campaigns, or manages the estate. Prince Andrei Bolkonsky greatly respects and honors his father, who was able to instill in him a high concept of honor. " Your road is the road of honor," he says to his son. And Prince Andrei fulfills his father's parting words during the campaign of 1806, in the battles of Shengraben and Austerlitz, and during the war of 1812.
Marya Bolkonskaya loves her father and brother very much. She is ready to give all of herself for the sake of her loved ones. Princess Mary completely obeys the will of her father. His word for her is law. At first glance, she seems weak and indecisive, but at the right moment she shows firmness of will and fortitude. roman tolstoy family national
Both the Rostovs and the Bolkonskys are patriots, their feelings were especially pronounced during the Patriotic War of 1812. They express the national spirit of war. Prince Nikolai Andreevich is dying because his heart could not stand the shame of the retreat of the Russian troops and the surrender of Smolensk. Marya Bolkonskaya rejects the French general's offer of patronage and leaves Bogucharov. The Rostovs give their carts to the soldiers wounded on the Borodino field and pay the dearest - the death of Petya.
Another family is shown in the novel. These are Kuragins. The members of this family appear before us in all their insignificance, vulgarity, heartlessness, greed, immorality. They use people to achieve their selfish goals. The family is devoid of spirituality. For Helen and Anatole, the main thing in life is the satisfaction of their base desires. They are completely cut off from the life of the people, they live in a brilliant, but cold light, where all feelings are perverted. During the war, they lead the same salon life, talking about patriotism.
In the epilogue of the novel, two more families are shown. These are the Bezukhov family (Pierre and Natasha), which embodied the author's ideal of a family based on mutual understanding and trust, and the Rostov family - Marya and Nikolai. Marya brought kindness and tenderness, high spirituality into the Rostov family, and Nikolai shows spiritual kindness in relation to the closest people.
Showing different families in his novel, Tolstoy wanted to say that the future belongs to such families as the Rostovs, Bezukhovs, Bolkonskys.
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Description in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy lives of several families: the Rostovs, Bolkonskys, Kuragins, Bergs, and in the epilogue - the Bezukhovs (Pierre and Natasha) and the Rostovs (Nikolai Rostov and Marya Bolkonskaya). The influence of true family values on personality formation.
abstract, added 09/29/2011
The search for an idyll by Leo Tolstoy during his creative journey from the story "Childhood" to the novel "War and Peace". Comprehension of the house in the paradigm of family relations. The dominant role of the idyllic beginning in the novel "War and Peace". Depriving death of tragedy.
article, added 06/25/2013
The historical theme of the people's war in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Events of the Patriotic War of 1812. Analysis of the history of the creation of the novel. Moral-philosophical researches of the author. Collective heroism and patriotism of the people in the defeat of the French.
abstract, added 11/06/2008
Determination of the functions of artistic details in the historical novel "War and Peace". The role and originality of the costume of the XIX century. Identification of the features of the use of a costume detail in the work of L.N. Tolstoy. The meaningful load of the image of costumes in the novel.
abstract, added 03/30/2014
The history of the creation of the novel "War and Peace". The system of images in the novel "War and Peace". Characteristics of secular society in the novel. Favorite characters of Tolstoy: Bolkonsky, Pierre, Natasha Rostova. Characteristics of the "unjust" war of 1805.
term paper, added 11/16/2004
Description of the images of Prince Andrei Bolkonsky (mysterious, unpredictable, reckless socialite) and Count Pierre Bezukhov (fat, clumsy reveler and ugly) in Leo Tolstoy's novel "War and Peace". Highlighting the theme of the motherland in the work of A. Blok.
test, added 05/31/2010
Studying the history of the creation of L. Tolstoy's epic novel "War and Peace". Study of the role of static and developing female characters in the novel. Descriptions of appearance, traits of character and outlook of Natasha Rostova. Analysis of the heroine's relationship with Andrei Bolkonsky.
presentation, added 09/30/2012
Epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Image of historical characters. female characters in the novel. Comparative characteristics of Natasha Rostova and Maria Bolkonskaya. External isolation, purity, religiosity. Spiritual qualities of favorite heroines.
essay, added 10/16/2008
The historical and patriotic orientation of the novel by L.N. Tolstov "War and Peace". The diversity of the inner worlds of the people of the novel. List of military actions and their heroes. Courage, patriotism and unity of the Russian people. Spiritual victory of the Russian people.
abstract, added 11/17/2010
Determination of the main features of the psychological style of L.N. Tolstoy in the depiction of the inner world of heroes in constant movement, development. Consideration of the "dialectics of the soul" as the leading method of recreating the spiritual life of the characters in the novel "War and Peace".
ANATOL KURAGIN
"...very good and big rake..."
"...what a ruddy, black-browed handsome minister's son was..."
"... He did not miss a single revelry at Dolokhov's and other merry fellows of Moscow, he drank all night long, drinking everyone, and visited all the evenings and balls of high society ..."
"... He was not able to think about how his actions might respond to others, nor what might come out of such or such an act of his ..."
"... He looked at his whole life as a continuous amusement, which someone for some reason undertook to arrange for him ..."
"... In addition, in dealing with women, Anatole had that manner that most of all inspires curiosity, fear and even love in women - a manner of contemptuous consciousness of his superiority. As if he was telling them with his appearance: "I know you, I know , why bother with you? And you would be glad!<...>he had such a look and such a manner ... "
"... He was not conceited. He didn't care what anyone thought of him. Even less he could be guilty of ambition. He teased his father several times, spoiling his career, and laughed at all the honors ..."
"... in his soul he considered himself an impeccable person, sincerely despised scoundrels and bad people, and with a clear conscience carried his head high..."
IPPOLIT KURAGIN
"... Dear Hippolyte<...>was amazingly stupid. His features were the same as those of his sister, but<...>his face was hazy with idiocy and invariably expressed self-confident obscenity, and his body was thin and weak. Eyes, nose, mouth - everything seemed to shrink into one indefinite and boring grimace, and arms and legs always assumed an unnatural position ... "
"...face<...>invariably expressed self-confident peevishness..."
"... Due to the self-confidence with which he spoke, no one could understand whether what he said was very clever or very stupid..."
HELEN KURAGINA
"... What a beauty! - everyone who saw her said..."
"... everything was lit up with a cheerful, self-satisfied, young, unchanging smile..."
"...extraordinary, ancient beauty of the body..."
"... He did not see her marble beauty, which was one with her dress ..."
"And how she keeps herself! For such a young girl and such tact, such a masterful ability to behave!"
"... a tall beautiful lady, with a huge plait and very bare white, full shoulders and a neck, on which there was a double string of large pearls ..."
"...But she is stupid, I myself said that she is stupid," he thought...
"... Countess Bezukhova rightfully had a reputation as a charming woman. She could say what she did not think, and in particular flatter, quite simply and naturally ..."
"...I knew she was a depraved woman... but I didn't dare to admit it..."
"... In Petersburg, Helen enjoyed the special patronage of a nobleman who occupied one of the highest positions in the state. In Vilna, she became close to a young foreign prince. When she returned to Petersburg, the prince and nobleman were both in Petersburg, both declared their rights, and for Helen presented a new task in her career: to maintain her intimacy of relations with both, without offending either one ... "
BOLKONSKIE
PRINCE ANDREI NIKOLAEVICH
Appearance of Andrei Bolkonsky "... Prince Bolkonsky was small in stature, a very handsome young man with definite and dry features. Everything in his figure, from a tired, bored look to a quiet measured step, represented the sharpest contrast with his little lively wife .. "... his handsome face..." "... Prince Andrei and rubbing his little white hands..." "... Prince Andrei was rubbing his forehead with his little hand..." "... Prince Andrei in his colonel's white uniform (for cavalry), in stockings and boots, lively and cheerful, he stood in the forefront of the circle ... "(after Austerlitz) "... especially the delicate children's neck, protruding from the delayed collar of the shirt .. ." The personality and character of Andrei Bolkonsky The age of Andrei Bolkonsky at the beginning of the novel is 27 years old (in 1805): "... No, life is not over at thirty-one years old ..." (Andrey Bolkonsky is 31 years old in 1809) Andrei Bolkonsky - a rich and noble nobleman: "... Women's society, the world welcomed him, because he was a groom, rich and noble, and almost a new face with a halo of a romantic story about his imaginary death and the tragic death of his wife ..." Prince Andrei is a man of the world. He grew up in high society: "... Prince Andrei, like all people who grew up in the world, loved to meet in the world that which did not have a common secular imprint on itself ..." At the same time, Bolkonsky does not like high society: ".. He, apparently, was not only familiar with all those who were in the living room, but he was already tired of him so much that he was very bored looking at them and listening to them ... "" ... Drawing rooms, gossip, balls, vanity, insignificance - this is a vicious circle from which I cannot get out ... "Andrey Bolkonsky is an intelligent and well-read person:" ... he had a reputation for intelligence and great erudition ..." Bolkonsky is a proud and tough person. But over the years, he becomes softer: "... he changed a lot for the better in these five years, softened and matured, that there was no former pretense, pride and mockery in him, and there was that calmness that is acquired over the years. They started talking about him, they they were interested, and everyone wanted to see him..." "... he suddenly softened, and that softening, tenderness, these were signs of death...." "... this officer, who poses as a sovereign person..." (Viscount Mortemar about Bolkonsky) Andrei Bolkonsky is a wonderful person, despite his harshness: "... I know that there are no people better than him, and so I feel calm, it's good now ..." Andrei is a reserved person. He watches what he says: "... You can't, my dear, everywhere say everything that you think. .." (words by Andrei Bolkonsky) Andrei Bolkonsky is a strong-willed person: "... Prince Andrei combined to the highest degree all those qualities that Pierre did not have and which can be most closely expressed by the concept of willpower ..." Andrei is an economic landowner: "... One of his estates of three hundred souls of peasants was listed as free cultivators (this was one of the first examples in Russia), in others corvée was replaced by dues. In Bogucharovo, a scholarly grandmother was discharged to his account to help puerperas, and the priest taught the children of peasants and yards to read and write for a salary ... " quitrent: "... secondly, because by letting the peasants go free, he had already made himself a reputation as a liberal. The party of old dissatisfied, just like the son of their father, turned to him for sympathy, condemning the transformation. Andrei Bolkonsky is strict with his loved ones: "... As it happens with people, especially with those who strictly judge their neighbors, Prince Andrei ..." Andrei Bolkonsky is rude: "... Peronskaya's remarks about his rudeness ... "Andrey Bolkonsky is difficult to embarrass:" ... Prince Andrei (which rarely happened to him) seemed embarrassed ..." Andrei Bolkonsky is a self-critical person. He often criticizes himself: "... he criticized his own work, as often happened to him, and was glad when he heard that someone had arrived ..." Andrei Bolkonsky is a hardworking and very capable person: " ... the ability of Prince Andrei to calmly deal with all kinds of people, his extraordinary memory, well-read (he read everything, knew everything, had an idea about everything)<...>ability to work and study..." Andrey loves the philosopher Montesquieu - a supporter of democracy and separation of powers: "... I am an admirer of Montesquieu, - said Prince Andrey..." Andrey Bolkonsky loves and knows how to dance: "... Prince Andrey was one one of the best dancers of his time..." "...Prince Andrei loved to dance..."
| Character | Ilya Rostov | Nikolay Rostov | Natalia Rostova | Nikolai Bolkonsky | Andrey Bolkonsky | Marya Bolkonskaya |
| Appearance | A curly-haired young man, not tall, with a simple, open face. | Not distinguished by external beauty, has a large mouth, but black-eyed | Short stature with dry outlines of the figure. Very handsome. | She has a weak, not very beautiful body, thin-faced, attracts attention with large, sadly veiled, radiant eyes. | ||
| Character | Good-natured, loving count. Generous, but wasteful, accustomed to luxury, but not accustomed to prudence, which leads the family to the threshold of poverty. | The character is cheerful and friendly. He is swift in his actions. Frivolous, lost 45 thousand without thinking about the consequences. In war, he resolutely rushes to the attack, but immediately after being wounded, he shows cowardice and fear of death. He overcomes the latter and meets the end of the war as a brave hussar. He has an inflated self-esteem, thinking that he is "so loved by everyone." | Not smart, but easily guesses people. In its emotional simplicity, it is close to the common people. She sings very beautifully, touching the heartfelt feelings in a person. | Purposeful person, full of vitality. Educated, honest, true to his ideals. Extremely restrained in the outward manifestation of his feelings. | A patriot who is ready to give up a prominent place under the Sovereign for dangerous service on the front line. He has a strong will and a good education. Brave in battle, fighting on a par with the rank and file, maintaining calm judgment. | She was distinguished by her lively nature, reacted and outwardly easily changed to the slightest changes in her state of mind and the mood of those around her. I quickly gave in to doubt. |
| Attitude towards others | Hospitable, sacrificial and generous, without looking back and to the detriment of himself and his family. He passed this quality on to his children. | Compassionate. Out of noble motives, he was going to marry, against the will of his parents, the girl Sonya, who had no dowry | She herself feels love and happiness, trying in every possible way to share them with others. Forgets himself when faced with someone else's misfortune. At her insistence, the Rostov family gives carts for the removal of the wounded from Moscow, and thus losing their property. | He tries to develop the positive qualities of his character in children, giving his daughter lessons in algebra and geometry. Follows her dynamic routine of her life. On his estate, he treated the peasants condescendingly and was always ready to come to their aid if necessary. With other people, he is dry and stiff, which strains the situation around him. However, in general, it evokes respect and respect in others. | In the army, take care of the soldiers of his regiment, trying to support them with a kind and affectionate attitude, for which he was called "our prince, they were proud of him and loved him." | She treated her father with reverent respect, despite the difficult features of his character, never challenging his opinion. She truly loved her brother. |
| Life position | Puts honor above all else. Giving away his son's huge loss to preserve the honor of his family. | Sacrifice and nobility, sincerity of impulses. | To love and to be loved. To give people joy and warmth. | Live constantly in useful action. Respects the mind and its development. Impressed by the writings of Voltaire 0 French philosopher. Puts two virtues: activity and mind - above all. With the outbreak of war, he goes to fight as the commander-in-chief of the militia, despite his advanced age. He considers this a matter of honor and duty. | Bold nobility, principled patriotism and observance of the standards of noble honor. | Wish happiness and joy to other people. Her main aspiration was the creation of a real family. The motto of her heart was the phrase: "Do not wish anything for yourself, do not seek, do not worry, do not envy." |
| Flaws | Reckless extravagance, a habit of luxury that he could not refuse, even aware of the impending family bankruptcy. | Showed childish self-awareness at the first wound. | It is not a written beauty, and does not shine with the subtleties of the mind. | Inhospitable, sometimes harsh with others. Proud, non-religious. | Arrogant arrogance, proud consciousness of its uniqueness and peculiarities. Looking down on other people from high society. | Dreaminess and naivete. Presenting people as better than they really are. Disorder of nature. Lack of bodily beauty. |
Closely connected with the theme of the people in the novel is theme of family and nobility. The author divides the nobles into "haves" (these include Andrei Bolkonsky, Pierre Bezukhov), local patriots (old man Bolkonsky, Rostov), secular nobility (Anna Pavlovna Scherer's salon, Helen).
According to Tolstoy, the family is the soil for the formation of the human soul. And at the same time, each family is a whole world, special, unlike anything else, full of complex relationships. In the novel "War and Peace", the theme of the family, according to the author's intention, serves as the most important means of organizing the text. The atmosphere of the family nest determines the characters, fates and views of the heroes of the work. In the system of all the main images of the novel, the author identifies several families, on the example of which he expresses his attitude to the ideal of the hearth, these are the Rostovs, the Bolkonskys, the Kuragins.
The Rostovs and Bolkonskys are not just families, they are lifestyles based on national traditions. These traditions were most fully manifested in the life of the representatives of the Rostovs - a noble-naive family, living with feelings, combining a serious attitude to family honor (Nikolai Rostov does not refuse his father's debts), warmth and cordiality of family relations, hospitality and hospitality, which distinguishes Russian people. Talking about Petya, Natasha, Nikolai and the elder Rostovs, Tolstoy sought to artistically recreate the history of an average noble family of the early 19th century.
In the course of the story, Tolstoy introduces the reader to all the representatives of the Rostov family, talking about them with deep interest and sympathy. The Rostov House in Moscow was considered one of the most hospitable, and therefore one of the most beloved. A kind, carefree and all-forgiving spirit of benevolent love reigned here. This evoked good-natured mockery from some, but no one stopped them from using the cordial generosity of Count Rostov: kindness and love are always attractive.
The most prominent representative of the Rostov family is Natasha - charming, natural, cheerful and naive. All these features are dear to Tolstoy, and for them he loves his heroine. Starting from the first meeting, the writer emphasizes that Natasha is not like other characters in the novel. We see her as a daring child, when at the name day she fearlessly, despite the presence of Countess Akhrosimova (whom the whole world was afraid of), asks what kind of cake will be served for dessert; then matured, but still just as lively, spontaneous and charming, when she has to make the first important decision - to refuse Denisov, who made her an offer. She says: “Vasily Dmitritch, I feel so sorry for you! .. No, but you are so nice ... but don’t ... this ... but I will always love you like that ... ”There is no direct logic in Natasha’s words yet they are touchingly pure and truthful. Later we see Natasha with Nikolai and Petya in Mikhailovsk, visiting her uncle, when she performs a Russian dance, arousing admiration from those around her; Natasha in love with Prince Andrei, and then carried away by Anatole Kuragin. As she grows older, Natasha's character traits also develop: love of life, optimism, amorousness. Tolstoy shows her both in joy, and in grief, and in despair, and shows in such a way that the reader cannot doubt: all her feelings are sincere and genuine.
In the course of the story, we also learn a lot of important things about Count Rostov: about Ilya Nikolayevich's money worries; about his hospitality and good nature; about how inimitably and provocatively he dances to Danila Kupor; about how much effort he makes to arrange a reception in honor of Bagration; about how, in a fit of patriotic enthusiasm, returning from the palace, where he heard and saw the emperor, he lets his youngest minor son go to war. Tolstoy almost always shows Countess Rostov through Natasha's eyes. Her main feature is her love for children. For Natasha, she is the first friend and adviser. The Countess understands her children perfectly, she is always ready to warn them against mistakes and give the necessary advice.
With especially touching sympathy, Tolstoy treats Petya, the youngest son of the Rostovs. This is a wonderful, kind, loving and beloved boy, so similar to Natasha, a faithful companion of her games, her page, unquestioningly fulfilling all the desires and whims of her sister. He, like Natasha, loves life in all its manifestations. He knows how to feel sorry for the captured French drummer, calls him to dinner and treats him with fried meat, just as he called everyone to his house to feed and caress, his father, Count Rostov. The death of Petya is a clear evidence of the senselessness and ruthlessness of the war.
For the Rostovs, love is the basis of family life. Here they are not afraid to express their feelings either to each other or to friends and acquaintances. The love, kindness and cordiality of the Rostovs extend not only to its members, but also to people who, by the will of fate, have become close to them. So, Andrei Bolkonsky, being in Otradnoye, struck by Natasha's cheerfulness, decides to change his life. In the Rostov family, they never condemn or reproach each other even when an act committed by any of its members deserves condemnation, whether it be Nikolai, who lost a huge amount of money to Dolokhov and put the family at risk of ruin, or Natasha, who tried to run away with Anatoly Kuragin. Here they are always ready to help each other and at any moment to stand up for a loved one.
Such purity of relations, high morality make the Rostovs related to the Bolkonskys. But the Bolkonskys, in contrast to the Rostovs, attach great importance to their generosity and wealth. They don't accept everyone indiscriminately. A special order reigns here, understandable only to family members, everything is subordinated to honor, reason and duty. In all representatives of this family, a sense of family superiority and dignity is clearly expressed. But at the same time, in the relations of the Bolkonskys there is natural and sincere love, hidden under the mask of arrogance. The proud Bolkonskys are noticeably different in character from the comfortably homely Rostovs, and that is why the unity of these two clans, in the author's view, is possible only between uncharacteristic representatives of these families (Nikolai Rostov and Princess Marya).
The Bolkonsky family in the novel is opposed to the Kuragin family. Both the Bolkonskys and the Kuragins occupy a prominent place in the social life of Moscow and St. Petersburg. But if, describing the members of the Bolkonsky family, the author draws attention to issues of pride and honor, then the Kuragins are portrayed as active participants in intrigues and behind-the-scenes games (the story with the portfolio of Count Bezukhov), regulars at balls and social events. The lifestyle of the Bolkonsky family is based on love and solidarity. All representatives of the Kuragin family are united by immorality (secret connections between Anatole and Helen), unscrupulousness (an attempt to arrange Natasha's escape), prudence (the marriage of Pierre and Helen), false patriotism.
It is no coincidence that the representatives of the Kuragin family belong to the high society. From the first pages of the novel, the reader is transferred to the St. Petersburg living rooms of high society and gets acquainted with the “cream” of this society: nobles, dignitaries, diplomats, ladies-in-waiting. In the course of the story, Tolstoy rips off the veils of external brilliance and refined manners from these people, and the reader discovers their spiritual poverty, moral baseness. There is neither simplicity, nor kindness, nor truth in their behavior, relationships. Everything is unnatural, hypocritical in the salon of Anna Pavlovna Sherer. Everything alive, whether it be thought and feeling, a sincere impulse or a topical witticism, goes out in a soulless atmosphere. That is why the naturalness and openness in Pierre's behavior scared Scherer so much. Here they are accustomed to the "decency of tight masks", to a masquerade. Prince Vasily speaks lazily, like an actor in the words of an old play, the hostess herself carries herself with artificial enthusiasm.
Tolstoy compares an evening reception at Scherer's with a spinning shop, in which "spindles from different directions evenly and incessantly rustled." But in these workshops important matters are resolved, state intrigues are woven, personal problems are resolved, mercenary plans are outlined: places are sought for unsettled sons, like Ippolit Kuragin, profitable parties are discussed for marriage or marriage. In this light, "eternal inhuman enmity boils, the struggle for mortal blessings." Suffice it to recall the distorted faces of the “mournful” Drubetskaya and the “benevolent” Prince Vasily, when the two of them clutched at the briefcase with the will at the bedside of the dying Count Bezukhov.
Prince Vasily Kuragin - the head of the Kuragin family - is a bright type of enterprising careerist, money-grubber and egoist. Entrepreneurship and acquisitiveness became, as it were, "involuntary" traits of his character. As Tolstoy emphasizes, Prince Vasily knew how to use people and hide this skill, covering it with subtle observance of the rules of secular behavior. Thanks to this skill, Prince Vasily achieves a lot in life, because in the society in which he lives, the search for various kinds of benefits is the main thing in relations between people. For the sake of his selfish goals, Prince Vasily unfolds a very violent activity. Suffice it to recall the campaign launched to marry Pierre to his daughter Helene. And without waiting for Pierre's explanation with Helen, the matchmaking, Prince Vasily bursts into the room with an icon in his hands and blesses the young - the mousetrap slammed shut. The siege of Maria Bolkonskaya, Anatole's rich bride, began, and only chance prevented the successful completion of this "operation". What kind of love and family well-being can we talk about when marriages are made according to frank calculation? Tolstoy tells with irony about Prince Vasily, when he fools and robs Pierre, embezzling income from his estates and keeping several thousand rents from the Ryazan estate, hiding his actions under the guise of kindness and care for the young man, whom he cannot leave to the mercy of fate .
Helen is the only one of all the children of Prince Vasily who does not burden him, but brings joy with her successes. This is because she was a real daughter of her father and understood early on what rules to play in the world in order to succeed and take a strong position. Beauty is Helen's only virtue. She understands this very well and uses it as a means to achieve personal gain. When Helen passes through the hall, the dazzling whiteness of her shoulders attracts the eyes of all the men present. Having married Pierre, she began to shine even brighter, did not miss a single ball and was always a welcome guest. Having openly cheated on her husband, she cynically declares that she does not want to have children from him. Pierre rightly defined its essence: "Where you are, there is debauchery."
Prince Vasily is openly burdened by his sons. The youngest son of Prince Vasily - Anatole Kuragin - is disgusting already at the first moment of acquaintance. Compiling a characterization of this hero, Tolstoy remarked: "He is like a beautiful doll, there is nothing in his eyes." Anatole is sure that the world was created for his pleasures. According to the author, "he was instinctively convinced that it was impossible for him to live otherwise than he lived," that he "should live on thirty thousand incomes and always occupy the highest position in society." Tolstoy repeatedly emphasizes that Anatole is handsome. But his outer beauty contrasts with his empty inner appearance. Anatole's immorality is especially evident during his courtship of Natasha Rostova, when she was the bride of Andrei Bolkonsky. Anatole Kuragin became for Natasha Rostova a symbol of freedom, and she could not understand, with her purity, naivety and faith in people, that this is freedom from the boundaries of what is permitted, from the moral framework of what is permissible. The second son of Prince Vasily - Ippolit - is characterized by the author as a rake and a fat man. But unlike Anatole, he is also mentally limited, which makes his actions especially ridiculous. Tolstoy devotes quite a bit of space to Ippolit in the novel, not honoring him with his attention. The beauty and youth of the Kuragins takes on a repulsive character, for this beauty is insincere, not warmed by the soul.
Tolstoy portrayed the declaration of love of Boris Drubetskoy and Julie Karagina with irony and sarcasm. Julie knows that this brilliant but impoverished handsome man does not love her, but demands for his wealth a declaration of love in accordance with all the rules. And Boris, uttering the right words, thinks that it is always possible to arrange so that he rarely sees his wife. For the Kuragins and Drubetskys, all means are good to achieve success and fame and strengthen their position in society. You can join the Masonic lodge, pretending that you are close to the ideas of love, equality, brotherhood, although in fact the only purpose of this is the desire to make profitable acquaintances. Pierre, a sincere and trusting person, soon saw that these people were not interested in questions of truth, the welfare of mankind, but in uniforms and crosses, which they achieved in life.
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I. Pre-text preparation:
Entry into the topic of the lesson.
Word of the teacher: Although, according to L.N. Tolstoy, in the novel “War and Peace” he loved “folk thought” more than “family thought”, but if we do not imagine the origin of the hero, his origins, his “nest” , we will not be able to understand the motives of his actions, the logic of character development and the fate of the character. It is not only interesting, but important for us to follow the life of the main characters, such as Andrei Bolkonsky, Natasha Rostova, Princess Marya, Nikolai Rostov, etc., starting from youth, childhood. Family, home is a special world, a place where a person finds and expresses himself. Therefore, pictures of family life have a great attraction. It is important for the writer to show what his characters are like at home, in the family. And much is revealed to us if we carefully read these episodes.
Today we will visit the big house of the Rostovs on the name day of Countess Rostova-mother and her thirteen-year-old daughter Natasha, and then - at the Lysyye Gory estate near the Bolkonskys.
II. Preparing to enter the text
Actualization of knowledge: Checking homework.
The students were previously divided into two groups: “Rostovs” and “Bolkonskys”
Name the hero and the circumstances in which the characteristics sound - representatives of the groups alternately ask questions:
Text structural element - working with text
III. The teacher explains the tasks that students will solve during the practical part.
Each group receives a blank chart, which must be filled in as the group works.
IV. Working with text is a text structural element.
Practical work in groups.
Episode “In the Rostov House” (vol. I, part 1., ch.7-11,14-17)
1. Reading a fragment – Chapter 8 “The countess looked at the guest, smiling pleasantly ... until the end of the chapter” - impromptu reading
2. Practical work in a group
Questions for members of the Rostov group:
(Students receive questions directly in the lesson, each member of the group prepares an answer to his question)
What atmosphere reigns in the Rostovs' house? What is the relationship of the parents? (find quotes in the text)
How do you imagine Natasha Rostova? Nicholas? - the role of portrait characteristics (support your statement with a quote from the text)
Follow the verbs denoting Natasha's actions (she jumped in, ran up, laughed, burst out laughing, looked seriously). How they help to reveal the character's character, the dynamics of the scene.
What is the role of the detail in this scene - the Mimi doll?
Briefly retell the episode “Name Day at the Rostovs” (list the guests, appearance, behavior, manner of communication of the guests. Sincerity as opposed to hypocrisy).
Who is the most important guest at the Rostovs, whom everyone is waiting for? (Marya Dmitrievna Akhrosimova, a lady famous not for wealth, not for honors, but just for that mind and frank simplicity of communication, everyone is looking forward to)
What daring act does Natasha perform during dinner, to which does he testify?
Episode “In the estate of the Bolkonsky Bald Mountains” (vol. I, part 1, ch. 22-25)
1. Reading a fragment of Chapter 25. The conversation between Prince Andrei and Marya - by roles. “Well, to be honest, Marie, I think it’s hard for you sometimes because of your father’s character? ... until ... His beautiful eyes shone with an intelligent and kind unaccustomed brilliance ...”
2. Practical work in a group
Questions for members of the Bolkonsky group:
What is the conversation between Princess Marya and Andrei Bolkonsky? How does he characterize his brother and sister?
Tell us about Nikolai Bolkonsky. What distinguishes Tolstoy in appearance, the habits of a strict prince? What are the life ideals of the old prince?
What are the relationships in this family, traditions?
Pay attention to the epithets that the author uses when describing the appearance of the characters, especially their eyes (the eyes are the mirror of the soul) amazing eyes - “radiant”, like Marya’s, “beautiful”, like those of Prince Andrei, “smart”, like those of the old prince . (end of chapter 25)
What, in your opinion, are the basic principles of raising children in the Bolkonsky family? (Restraint, respect in behavior and attitude towards each other, honor and dignity in the first place, active activity.)
At the end of the work, each group presents their project.
V. Posttext structural element of the lesson.
Conversation on:
1. Compare the Bolkonsky and Rostov families, where do you see similarities and differences?
2. What are the basic principles of raising children in the Rostov and Bolkonsky families?
3. Remember the Kuragins. Why does Tolstoy not call them family?
CONCLUSIONS: (students do with the support of the teacher and write in a notebook)
1. The purity and warmth of relationships, sincerity and hospitality, generosity and mercy, respect for every person, sincere love, openness and breadth of the nature of the Rostovs arouses deep sympathy for the author. The atmosphere of democracy, simplicity, love and truth reigns in the Rostovs' house. Rostovs live not with their minds, but with their hearts.
2. The principles of the Bolkonskys: nobility, honor, service to a high duty, the search for the meaning of life, restraint, asceticism, severity, diligence. It is not customary for the Bolkonskys to pour out their souls, to be frank. Their actions are more rational, and often only the eyes betray deep spirituality and humanity, the beauty and cordiality of relationships.
3. With the outward dissimilarity of the representatives of these noble families, one feels a subtle connection in spirit and understanding of the values of life: family, homeland, honesty, decency, sincerity, closeness to the people. The worlds of the Bolkonskys and the Rostovs are different, but equally dear to Tolstoy - real spiritual values and national traditions have been entrenched in them. It is no coincidence that the fates of the representatives of these families intersect in such an intricate way. But in order to get closer, they had to go through catastrophes, life crises and losses.
Reflection.
What family do I belong to?
Who is prettier to me?
How do I see the role of the family in the development of the human personality?
Literature.
1. L.N. Tolstoy. Selected works in three volumes. Volume 1. M., “Fiction”, 1988.
2. A.A. Zhuk. Russian prose of the second half of the 19th century. M., “Enlightenment”, 1981.
3. Literature Grade 10 Yu.V. Lebedev, M. B. Kuznetsova. Methodological advice. M., “Enlightenment”, 2001.
4. Literature lesson in the context of the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard. Tutorial. Author-compiler V.Ya.Rybnikova. Rostov-on-Don. Publishing house GBOU DPO RIPC and PPRO, 2016.
