19th century. He lived in the heyday of Russian culture, and his works became an adornment of Russian literature. Today, the name of the writer Turgenev is known to many, and even to schoolchildren, because his works are included in the course of the compulsory school curriculum in literature.
Ivan Turgenev was born in the Oryol province of the Russian Empire, in the glorious city of Orel in October 1818. His father was a hereditary nobleman, he served in the Russian army as an officer. Mother came from a family of wealthy landowners.
Turgenev family estate - Spasskoe-Lutovino. It was here that the childhood of the future famous Russian writer passed. On the estate, Ivan was brought up mainly by various teachers and tutors, both local and foreign.
In 1827 the family moved to Moscow. Here the boy is sent to a boarding school, where he is trained for about two years. In subsequent years, Ivan Turgenev studied at home, listening to the lessons of private teachers.
At the age of 15, in 1833, Ivan Sergeevich entered Moscow University. A year later, he will continue his studies in the capital of the Russian Empire, at St. Petersburg University. In 1836, studies at the university will be completed.
Two years later, Ivan Turgenev will go to Germany to Berlin, where he will listen to lectures by famous professors in philosophy and philology. In Germany, he spent a year and a half, and during this time he managed to get acquainted with Stankevich and Bakunin. Acquaintance with two famous cultural figures left a big imprint on the further development of the biography of Ivan Sergeevich.
In 1841 Turgenev returned to the Russian Empire. Living in Moscow, he is preparing for the master's exams. Here he met Khomyakov, Gogol and Aksakov, and later met Herzen.
In 1843, Ivan Sergeevich entered the civil service. His new place of work was the “special office” under the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the civil service, he worked for a short time, only two years. But during this time he managed to make friends with Belinsky and other members of the circle of a famous publicist and writer.
After his dismissal from the civil service, Turgenev went abroad for a while. Shortly before his departure, his essay "Khor and Kalinich" is published in Russia. Upon returning, he begins working in the Sovremennik magazine.
In 1852, a book was published - a collection of Turgenev's works with the title "Notes of a Hunter". In addition to the works included in the collection for his authorship, there are such works (stories, plays, novels) as: “The Bachelor”, “A Month in the Village”, “The Freeloader”, “Provincial Girl”.
In the same year, Nikolai Gogol dies. The sad event made a strong impression on Ivan Turgenev. He writes an obituary, which was banned by the censors. For free-thinking, he was arrested and imprisoned for a month.
After Ivan Sergeevich was exiled to a family estate in the Oryol province. A year later, he was allowed to return to the capital. During the time spent in exile, in the Oryol province, Turgenev wrote his most famous work - the story "Mumu". In subsequent years, he will write: "Rudin", "Noble Nest", "Fathers and Sons", "On the Eve".
Later, in the life of the writer there was a break with the journal Sovremennik and with Herzen. Turgenev considered the revolutionary, socialist ideas of Herzen unviable. Ivan Sergeevich, one of the many writers who, at the beginning of their creative career, were critical of the royal power, and their minds were shrouded in revolutionary romance.
When the personality of Turgenev was fully realized, Ivan Sergeevich refused his thoughts and camaraderie with personalities like Herzen. Similar experiences were, for example, in Pushkin and Dostoevsky.
Beginning in 1863, Ivan Turgenev lived and worked abroad. In the next decade of the 19th century, he again remembered the ideas of his youth, sympathized with the movement of the Narodnaya Volya. At the end of the decade he came to his homeland, where he was solemnly welcomed. Soon Ivan Sergeevich fell seriously ill, and in August 1883 he died. Turgenev, with his work, left a big mark on the development of Russian culture and literature.
TURGENEV Ivan Sergeevich(1818 - 1883), Russian writer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1860). In the cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" (1847-52) he showed the high spiritual qualities and talent of the Russian peasant, the poetry of nature. In the socio-psychological novels "Rudin" (1856), "The Noble Nest" (1859), "On the Eve" (1860), "Fathers and Sons" (1862), the stories "Asya" (1858), "Spring Waters" (1872 ) created images of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era of raznochintsy and democrats, images of selfless Russian women. In the novels "Smoke" (1867) and "Nov" (1877) he depicted the life of Russians abroad, the populist movement in Russia. On the slope of his life he created the lyric-philosophical "Poems in Prose" (1882). A master of language and psychological analysis, Turgenev had a significant impact on the development of Russian and world literature.
According to his father, Turgenev belonged to an old noble family, his mother, nee Lutovinova, was a wealthy landowner; in her estate Spasskoe-Lutovinovo (Mtsensk district, Oryol province), the childhood years of the future writer, who early learned to feel nature subtly and hate serfdom, passed. In 1827 the family moved to Moscow; At first, Turgenev studied in private boarding schools and with good home teachers, then, in 1833, he entered the verbal department of Moscow University, and in 1834 he transferred to the Faculty of History and Philology of St. Petersburg University. One of the strongest impressions of early youth (1833), falling in love with Princess E. L. Shakhovskaya, who at that time was having an affair with Turgenev's father, was reflected in the story First Love (1860).
In 1836, Turgenev showed his poetic experiments in a romantic spirit to the writer of the Pushkin circle, university professor P. A. Pletnev; he invites the student to a literary evening (at the door Turgenev ran into A. S. Pushkin), and in 1838 he published Turgenev’s poems “Evening” and “To the Venus of Medicine” in Sovremennik (at this point, Turgenev had written about a hundred poems, mostly not preserved, and the dramatic poem "The Wall").
In May 1838, Turgenev went to Germany (the desire to complete his education was combined with the rejection of the Russian way of life based on serfdom). The catastrophe of the steamer "Nikolai I", on which Turgenev sailed, will be described by him in the essay "Fire at Sea" (1883; in French). Until August 1839, Turgenev lives in Berlin, listens to lectures at the university, studies classical languages, writes poetry, communicates with T. N. Granovsky, N. V. Stankevich. After a short stay in Russia in January 1840 he went to Italy, but from May 1840 to May 1841 he was again in Berlin, where he met M. A. Bakunin. Arriving in Russia, he visits the Bakunin estate Premukhino, converges with this family: soon an affair with T. A. Bakunina begins, which does not interfere with communication with the seamstress A. E. Ivanova (in 1842 she will give birth to Turgenev's daughter Pelageya). In January 1843 Turgenev entered the service of the Ministry of the Interior.
In 1843, a poem based on modern material, Parasha, appeared, which was highly appreciated by V. G. Belinsky. Acquaintance with the critic, which turned into friendship (in 1846 Turgenev became his son's godfather), rapprochement with his entourage (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov) change his literary orientation: from romanticism, he turns to an ironic moral descriptive poem ("The Landowner" , "Andrey", both 1845) and prose, close to the principles of the "natural school" and not alien to the influence of M. Yu. Lermontov ("Andrey Kolosov", 1844; "Three Portraits", 1846; "Breter", 1847).
November 1, 1843 Turgenev meets the singer Pauline Viardot (Viardot Garcia), love for which will largely determine the external course of his life. In May 1845 Turgenev retired. From the beginning of 1847 to June 1850 he lived abroad (in Germany, France; Turgenev witnessed the French Revolution of 1848): he took care of the sick Belinsky during his travels; closely communicates with P. V. Annenkov, A. I. Herzen, gets acquainted with J. Sand, P. Merimet, A. de Musset, F. Chopin, C. Gounod; writes the novels "Petushkov" (1848), "The Diary of a Superfluous Man" (1850), the comedy "The Bachelor" (1849), "Where it is thin, there it breaks", "Provincial Woman" (both 1851), the psychological drama "A Month in the Country" (1855).
The main work of this period is “Notes of a Hunter”, a cycle of lyrical essays and stories that began with the story “Khor and Kalinich” (1847; the subtitle “From the Notes of a Hunter” was invented by I. I. Panaev for publication in the “Mixture” section of the Sovremennik magazine ); a separate two-volume edition of the cycle was published in 1852, later the stories "The End of Chertop-hanov" (1872), "Living Powers", "Knocks" (1874) were added. The fundamental diversity of human types, first singled out from a previously unnoticed or idealized mass of the people, testified to the infinite value of any unique and free human personality; the serf order appeared as an ominous and dead force, alien to natural harmony (detailed specificity of heterogeneous landscapes), hostile to man, but unable to destroy the soul, love, creative gift. Having discovered Russia and the Russian people, laying the foundation for the “peasant theme” in Russian literature, the “Hunter’s Notes” became the semantic foundation of all Turgenev’s further work: threads stretch from here to the study of the phenomenon of the “extra person” (a problem outlined in “Hamlet of the Shchigrovsky district”) , and to the comprehension of the mysterious ("Bezhin meadow"), and to the problem of the artist's conflict with the everyday life that suffocates him ("Singers").
In April 1852, for his response to the death of N.V. Gogol, banned in St. Petersburg and published in Moscow, Turgenev, by royal command, was put on the congress (the story "Mumu" was written there). In May he was exiled to Spasskoye, where he lived until December 1853 (work on an unfinished novel, the story "Two Friends", acquaintance with A. A. Fet, active correspondence with S. T. Aksakov and writers from the Sovremennik circle); A. K. Tolstoy played an important role in the efforts to free Turgenev.
Until July 1856, Turgenev lives in Russia: in the winter, mainly in St. Petersburg, in the summer in Spassky. His immediate environment is the editorial office of Sovremennik; acquaintances with I. A. Goncharov, L. N. Tolstoy and A. N. Ostrovsky took place; Turgenev takes part in the publication of "Poems" by F. I. Tyutchev (1854) and supplies him with a preface. Mutual cooling off with a distant Viardot leads to a brief, but almost ending in marriage romance with a distant relative O. A. Turgeneva. The novels "Calm" (1854), "Yakov Pasynkov" (1855), "Correspondence", "Faust" (both 1856) are published.
"Rudin" (1856) opens a series of Turgenev's novels, compact in volume, unfolding around the hero-ideologist, accurately fixing the current socio-political issues in a journalistic way and, ultimately, putting "modernity" in the face of the unchanging and mysterious forces of love, art, nature . Inflaming the audience, but incapable of an act, "an extra person" Rudin; in vain dreaming of happiness and coming to humble selflessness and hope for happiness for the people of modern times, Lavretsky (“The Nest of Nobles”, 1859; events take place in an atmosphere of the approaching “great reform”); the “iron” Bulgarian revolutionary Insarov, who becomes the chosen one of the heroine (that is, Russia), but is “alien” and doomed to death (“On the Eve”, 1860); the “new man” Bazarov, who hides a romantic rebellion behind nihilism (“Fathers and Sons”, 1862; post-reform Russia is not freed from eternal problems, and “new” people remain people: “dozens” will live, and those captured by passion or idea will perish); sandwiched between "reactionary" and "revolutionary" vulgarity, the characters of "Smoke" (1867); the Narodnik revolutionary Nezhdanov, an even more “new” person, but still unable to respond to the challenge of a changed Russia (Nov, 1877); all of them, together with minor characters (with individual dissimilarity, differences in moral and political orientations and spiritual experience, varying degrees of closeness to the author), are closely related, combining in different proportions the features of the two eternal psychological types of the heroic enthusiast, Don Quixote, and the absorbed a reflector, Hamlet (cf. program article "Hamlet and Don Quixote", 1860).
Having served abroad in July 1856, Turgenev finds himself in a painful whirlpool of ambiguous relations with Viardot and his daughter, who was brought up in Paris. After the difficult Parisian winter of 1856-57 (the gloomy Journey to Polissya was completed), he went to England, then to Germany, where he wrote Asya, one of the most poetic stories, which, however, lends itself to interpretation in a public way (article by N. G . Chernyshevsky "Russian man on rendez-vous", 1858), and spends autumn and winter in Italy. By the summer of 1858 he was in Spasskoye; in the future, the year of Turgenev will often be divided into "European, winter" and "Russian, summer" seasons.
After "The Eve" and the article by N. A. Dobrolyubov devoted to the novel "When will the real day come?" (1860) there is a break between Turgenev and the radicalized Sovremennik (in particular, with N. A. Nekrasov; their mutual hostility persisted to the end). The conflict with the “young generation” was aggravated by the novel “Fathers and Sons” (pamphlet article by M. A. Antonovich “Asmodeus of Our Time” in Sovremennik, 1862; the so-called “schism in the nihilists” largely motivated the positive assessment of the novel in the article by D. I. Pisarev "Bazarov", 1862). In the summer of 1861 there was a quarrel with Leo Tolstoy, which almost turned into a duel (reconciliation in 1878). In the story "Ghosts" (1864), Turgenev thickens the mystical motives outlined in "Notes of a Hunter" and "Faust"; this line will be developed in The Dog (1865), The Story of Lieutenant Yergunov (1868), Dream, The Story of Father Alexei (both 1877), Songs of Triumphant Love (1881), After Death (Klara Milic )" (1883). The theme of the weakness of a person who turns out to be a toy of unknown forces and doomed to non-existence, to a greater or lesser extent, colors all of Turgenev's later prose; it is most directly expressed in the lyrical story "Enough!" (1865), perceived by contemporaries as evidence (sincere or coquettishly hypocritical) of Turgenev's situationally conditioned crisis (cf. F. M. Dostoevsky's parody in the novel "Demons", 1871).
In 1863 there is a new rapprochement between Turgenev and Pauline Viardot; until 1871 they live in Baden, then (at the end of the Franco-Prussian war) in Paris. Turgenev closely converges with G. Flaubert and through him with E. and J. Goncourt, A. Daudet, E. Zola, G. de Maupassant; he assumes the function of an intermediary between Russian and Western literatures. His all-European fame is growing: in 1878, at the international literary congress in Paris, the writer was elected vice president; in 1879 he received an honorary doctorate from Oxford University. Turgenev maintains contacts with Russian revolutionaries (P. L. Lavrov, G. A. Lopatin) and provides material support to emigrants. In 1880, Turgenev took part in the celebrations in honor of the opening of a monument to Pushkin in Moscow. In 1879-81, the old writer experienced a stormy passion for the actress M. G. Savina, which colored his last visits to his homeland.
Along with stories about the past (“King of the Steppe Lear”, 1870; “Punin and Baburin”, 1874) and the “mysterious” stories mentioned above, in the last years of his life, Turgenev turned to memoirs (“Literary and everyday memories”, 1869-80) and "Poems in Prose" (1877-82), where almost all the main themes of his work are presented, and the summing up takes place as if in the presence of impending death. Death was preceded by more than a year and a half of a painful illness (cancer of the spinal cord).
Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is a famous Russian prose writer, poet, classic of world literature, playwright, critic, memoirist and translator. Many outstanding works belong to his pen. The fate of this great writer will be discussed in this article.
Turgenev's biography (short in our review, but very rich in fact) began in 1818. The future writer was born on November 9 in the city of Oryol. His father, Sergei Nikolaevich, was a combat officer in a cuirassier regiment, but soon after Ivan's birth, he retired. The boy's mother, Varvara Petrovna, was a representative of a wealthy noble family. It was in the family estate of this imperious woman - Spasskoe-Lutovinovo - that the first years of Ivan's life passed. Despite the heavy unbending disposition, Varvara Petrovna was a very enlightened and educated person. She managed to instill in her children (in addition to Ivan, his older brother Nikolai was brought up in the family) a love for science and Russian literature.
The future writer received his primary education at home. So that it could continue in a dignified manner, the Turgenev family moved to Moscow. Here, the biography of Turgenev (short) made a new round: the boy's parents went abroad, and he was kept in various boarding houses. At first he lived and was brought up in the institution of Weidenhammer, then in Krause. At the age of fifteen (in 1833), Ivan entered the Moscow State University at the Faculty of Literature. After the arrival of the eldest son Nikolai in the guards cavalry, the Turgenev family moved to St. Petersburg. Here the future writer became a student at a local university and began to study philosophy. In 1837 Ivan graduated from this educational institution.
Turgenev's work for many is associated with the writing of prose works. However, Ivan Sergeevich originally planned to become a poet. In 1934, he wrote several lyrical works, including the poem "Steno", which was appreciated by his mentor - P. A. Pletnev. Over the next three years, the young writer has already composed about a hundred poems. In 1838, several of his works were published in the famous Sovremennik (“To the Venus of Medicius”, “Evening”). The young poet felt a penchant for scientific activity and in 1838 went to Germany to continue his education at the University of Berlin. Here he studied Roman and Greek literature. Ivan Sergeevich quickly became imbued with the Western European way of life. A year later, the writer briefly returned to Russia, but already in 1840 he left his homeland again and lived in Italy, Austria and Germany. Turgenev returned to Spasskoe-Lutovinovo in 1841, and a year later he applied to Moscow State University with a request to allow him to pass the exam for a master's degree in philosophy. He was denied this.
Ivan Sergeevich managed to get a scientific degree at St. Petersburg University, but by that time he had already lost interest in this kind of activity. In search of a worthy field in life in 1843, the writer entered the service of the ministerial office, but his ambitious aspirations quickly faded away. In 1843, the writer published the poem "Parasha", which impressed V. G. Belinsky. Success inspired Ivan Sergeevich, and he decided to devote his life to creativity. In the same year, Turgenev's biography (short) was marked by another fateful event: the writer met the outstanding French singer Pauline Viardot. Seeing the beauty at the Opera House of St. Petersburg, Ivan Sergeevich decided to get to know her. At first, the girl did not pay attention to the little-known writer, but Turgenev was so struck by the charm of the singer that he followed the Viardot family to Paris. For many years he accompanied Polina on her foreign tours, despite the obvious disapproval of his relatives.
In 1946, Ivan Sergeevich took an active part in updating the Sovremennik magazine. He meets Nekrasov, and he becomes his best friend. For two years (1950-1952) the writer is torn between foreign countries and Russia. Creativity Turgenev during this period began to gain serious momentum. The cycle of stories "Notes of a Hunter" was almost completely written in Germany and glorified the writer throughout the world. In the next decade, the classic created a number of outstanding prose works: "The Nest of Nobles", "Rudin", "Fathers and Sons", "On the Eve". In the same period, Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev quarreled with Nekrasov. Their controversy over the novel "On the Eve" ended in a complete break. The writer leaves Sovremennik and goes abroad.
Turgenev's life abroad began in Baden-Baden. Here Ivan Sergeevich found himself in the very center of Western European cultural life. He began to maintain relations with many world literary celebrities: Hugo, Dickens, Maupassant, France, Thackeray and others. The writer actively promoted Russian culture abroad. For example, in 1874 in Paris, Ivan Sergeevich, together with Daudet, Flaubert, Goncourt and Zola, organized the famous "bachelor dinners at five" in the capital's restaurants. The characterization of Turgenev during this period was very flattering: he turned into the most popular, famous and widely read Russian writer in Europe. In 1878, Ivan Sergeevich was elected vice-president of the International Literary Congress in Paris. Since 1877, the writer has been an honorary doctor of Oxford University.
Turgenev's biography - brief but vivid - testifies that the long years spent abroad did not alienate the writer from Russian life and its pressing problems. He still writes a lot about his homeland. So, in 1867, Ivan Sergeevich wrote the novel "Smoke", which caused a large-scale public outcry in Russia. In 1877, the writer wrote the novel "Nov", which became the result of his creative reflections in the 1870s.
For the first time, a serious illness that interrupted the writer's life made itself felt in 1882. Despite severe physical suffering, Ivan Sergeevich continued to create. A few months before his death, the first part of the book Poems in Prose was published. The great writer died in 1883, on September 3, in the suburbs of Paris. Relatives fulfilled the will of Ivan Sergeevich and transported his body to his homeland. The classic was buried in St. Petersburg at the Volkovo cemetery. Numerous admirers saw him off on his last journey.
Such is the biography of Turgenev (short). This man devoted his whole life to his beloved work and forever remained in the memory of his descendants as an outstanding writer and famous public figure.
Perhaps every educated person knows who Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is.
His biography proves that a person, despite a difficult life path, can create truly brilliant creations.
His works have become a real gem of world classical literature.
According to some critics, the artistic system created by Turgenev changed the formation of Romanism in the second half of the 19th century. The writer was the first to predict the appearance of the sixties, whom he called nihilists, and ridiculed them in the novel Fathers and Sons.
Also, thanks to Turgenev, the term "Turgenev's girl" was also born.
Ivan Turgenev is a descendant of the old noble family of the Turgenevs.
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1818-1883)
The origin of the surname is connected with the nickname Turgen (Turgen) and has Tatar roots.
His father served in the cavalry, liked to drink, walk and spend money. Ivan's mother, Varvara, he married by calculation, so their marriage could hardly be called strong and happy.
Vanya was born just two years after his marriage, and there were three children in the Turgenev family.
Little Vanya spent his childhood in the family estate of Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, where the family moved after the birth of their second son. A rich, luxurious estate included a huge house, a garden and even a small pond, in which there were many different fish.
Turgenev's house in Spasskoye-Lutovinovo
The future writer from childhood had the opportunity to observe nature, perhaps this is what formed his reverent, careful attitude to all living things.
The mother recalled that Vanya grew up as an active, inquisitive child, she was really proud of him, but she did not show it in any way. Varvara was a quiet and silent woman, so much so that none of the sons could even briefly recall any bright moments associated with their mother. Now a museum has been opened on the site of the Turgenev family estate.
Turgenev's parents were very educated people, so the children were introduced to science from an early age. Vanya early learned to read books and speak several languages. Foreigners were invited to the family, who were supposed to teach children their native languages.
As in all intelligent families, great emphasis was placed on French, in which family members spoke freely among themselves. For disobedience and lack of diligence, the kids were severely punished, the mother was subject to frequent mood swings, so sometimes she could be whipped for nothing.
Even as an adult, Ivan Sergeevich admitted how much he was afraid of his mother. His father, on the contrary, had minimal influence on him, and soon left the family altogether.
As soon as Ivan turned nine, the family moved to the capital, where the boy was immediately assigned to a private boarding school. At fifteen, Turgenev already became a university student, but did not study for long, moved to St. Petersburg and graduated from the philosophical and historical department.
Even as a student, the future writer was engaged in translations of foreign poems and dreamed of someday becoming a poet himself.
In 1836, Turgenev's creative career began, his name began to appear in print for the first time, he wrote reviews of the works of his contemporaries.
But Turgenev became a real celebrity only seven years later, when he published the work Parasha, approved by the critic Belinsky.
They became so close that soon Turgenev began to consider Belinsky a godfather.
In a few years, a recent graduate has become one of the most famous writers of his time. Soon Ivan Sergeevich began to write not only for adults, but also for children.
Turgenev devoted a whole list of fairy tales to kids: “Sparrow”, “Doves”, “Dog”, written in a simple, understandable language for young readers.
Turgenev loved only once, the singer Pauline Viardot, known in narrow circles, became his chosen one.
Far from being a beauty, she was able to charm the writer so that he could not forget her all his life until his death.
It is known that in his youth, the writer broke out in a relationship with a seamstress named Avdotya. The romance did not last long, but as a result, the couple had a child, recognized by Turgenev only fifteen years later.
After breaking up with Polina, Turgenev tried to fall in love again, but each time he realized that he was still in love only with Viardot and told this to his young chosen ones. On the wall he always hung her portrait, and in the house there were a lot of personal things.
The only daughter of Ivan Sergeevich was Pelageya, who was born as a result of a fleeting connection between Turgenev and the peasant woman Avdotya.
The writer's lover, Pauline Viardot, expressed a desire to take the girl and make a French lady out of her, a simple peasant woman, to which the writer quickly agreed.
Pelageya was renamed Polinet and moved to live in France. She had two children: Georges and Jeanne, who died without leaving heirs, and this branch of the Turgenev family finally broke off.
In 1882, after breaking up another relationship, the writer fell ill, the diagnosis sounded terrible: cancer of the bones of the spine. Thus, one can answer the question of why Turgenev died - he was killed by the disease.
He was dying in France, far from his homeland and Russian friends. But the main thing is that his beloved woman, Pauline Viardot, remained close to him until the last days.
The classic died on August 22, 1883; on September 27, his body was delivered to St. Petersburg. Turgenev was buried at the Volkovsky cemetery, his grave has been preserved to this day.
Of course, the most famous work of Turgenev is considered to be the novel "Fathers and Sons", which is included in the school curriculum.
The nihilist Bazarov and his difficult relationship with the Kirsanovs are known to everyone. This novel is truly eternal, as is the problem of fathers and children that rises in the work.
Slightly less famous are the story "Asya", which, according to some sources, Turgenev wrote about the life of his illegitimate daughter; novel "The Nest of Nobles" and others.
In his youth, Vanya fell in love with his friend Ekaterina Shakhovskaya, who conquered the boy with her tenderness and purity. Turgenev's heart was broken when he learned that Katya had many lovers, including Sergei Turgenev, the father of the classic. Later, the features of Katerina appeared in the main character of the novel "First Love".
Once a friend of Turgenev, Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy, reproached the writer for the fact that his daughter was forced to earn money by tailoring due to lack of money. Ivan Sergeevich took this to heart, and the men had a big fight. A duel was to take place, which, fortunately, was not, otherwise the world might not see the new work of one of the writers. Friends quickly reconciled and soon forgot about the unpleasant incident.
Turgenev's characterization consisted of continuous contradictions. For example, with his great height and strong physique, the writer had a fairly high voice and could even sing at some feasts.
When he lost inspiration, he stood in a corner and stood there until some important thought came to his head. He laughed, according to contemporaries, with a most infectious laugh, fell to the floor and stood on all fours, sharply twitching and writhing.
The writer had other oddities at different stages of his life, like many creative talented people. The main thing for us is to get acquainted with the work of Turgenev and experience all the depth that the author put into his works.
Turgenev Ivan Sergeevich (1818-1883)
Great Russian writer. Born in the city of Orel, in a middle-class noble family. He studied at a private boarding school in Moscow, then at universities - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Berlin. Turgenev began his literary career as a poet. In 1838-1847. he writes and publishes lyrical poems and poems in magazines (“Parasha”, “Landowner”, “Andrey”, etc.).
At first, Turgenev's poetic work developed under the sign of romanticism, later realistic features prevail in it.
Turning to prose in 1847 (“Khor and Kalinich” from the future “Notes of a Hunter”), Turgenev left poetry, but at the end of his life he created a wonderful cycle of “Poems in Prose”.
He had a great influence on Russian and world literature. An outstanding master of psychological analysis, descriptions of pictures of nature. He created a number of socio-psychological novels - "Rudin" (1856), "On the Eve" (1860), "The Nest of Nobles" (1859), "Fathers and Sons" (1862), the stories "Leya", "Spring Waters", in which brought out both representatives of the outgoing noble culture and new heroes of the era - raznochintsy and democrats. His images of selfless Russian women enriched literary criticism with a special term - "Turgenev's girls".
In his later novels Smoke (1867) and Nov (1877) he portrayed the life of Russians abroad.
At the end of his life, Turgenev turns to memoirs (“Literary and everyday memories”, 1869-80) and “Poems in prose” (1877-82), where almost all the main themes of his work are presented, and summing up takes place as if in the presence approaching death.
The writer died on August 22 (September 3), 1883 in Bougival, near Paris; buried at the Volkov cemetery in St. Petersburg. Death was preceded by more than a year and a half of a painful illness (cancer of the spinal cord).
