The prose works of I. Franko are submitted according to authoritative sources: individual books (mainly collections) published during the life of I. Franko and under his supervision, according to lifetime publications in almanacs, newspapers, magazines, where they were published with the knowledge and consent of the author. Unpublished works are submitted for autographs.
During the life of I. Franko, with his direct participation, such collections of the writer's works appeared:
Borislav. Pictures from the life of the Podgorsk people. Lvov, 1877. Contents: Introduction. - Oilman. - At work. - Converted sinner.
Galician images. Lvov, 1885. Contents: Small Miron. - Gritseva school science. - Pencil. – Schonschreiben.
In the sweat of your face. Images from the life of the working people. Lvov, 1890. Contents: M. Drahomanov. Preface. – An excerpt from a letter to M. Dragomanov. - Stories: Lesishina's servants. - Two friends. - Bricklayer. - Small Myron. - Gritseva school science. - Pencil. – Schonschreiben. - At the bottom. - It's my own fault. - Slug. - Good income. - The Men's Commission. – The story of my straw cutter. - Gypsies. - Forests and pastures. - Dovbanyuk. - Home business. - Manipulative. - To the light! between good people.
Obrazki galicyjskie. Lwów, 1897. Contents: Nieco o sobie samym. - Dwaj przyjaciele. – Historja mojej sieczkarni. – Hawa. – Jeden dzień z życia uliczników lwowskich. - Pantalach. (Part of the edition was published without a preface).
When the animals were talking. Fairy tales for children. Lvov, 1899. Contents: Preface. - Donkey and Lion. - The old good is forgotten. - Chanterelle and Crane. - Chanterelle and Cancer. - Fox and Drozd. - Hare and hedgehog. - King and Bear. - Wolf howl. - Hare and Bear. - Crow and Viper. - Three bags of tricks. - Wolf, Fox and Donkey. - Foxy nun. - Murko and Burko. - Chanterelle-kuma. - The war between the Dog and the Wolf. - Painted Fox. - Ravens and Owls. - A fable about a fable.
Poluika and other stories from Borislav. Lvov, 1899. Contents: Poluika. - Oilman. - Sheepdog.
Seven Tales. Lvov, 1900. Contents: Rubach. - A tale of prosperity. - Animal budget. - The history of the casing. - Pig constitution. - Sharp, sharp elder. – History of one confiscation.
Good pay and other stories. Lvov, 1902. Contents: Preface. - Good income. - Bricklayer. - It's my own fault. - Slug. – The story of my straw cutter. - Home business. - Dovbanyuk. - In the forge.
Pantalakha and other stories. Lvov, 1902. Contents: Preface. - Pantalakh. - The Men's Commission. - In the prison hospital.
From the stormy years. Lvov, 1903. Contents: Preface. - Rezuny. - Grisha and panych.
Small Miron and other stories. Lvov, 1903. Contents: Preface. - Small Myron. - Gritseva school science. - Pencil. – Schonschreiben. - My father is a comedian. - Mustard seed. — Boris Grab.
The Manipulator and Other Stories. Lvov, 1904. Contents: Manipulator. - Lesishina's servants. between good people. - She's crazy, isn't she?
In the bosom of nature and other stories. Lvov, 1905. Contents: In the bosom of nature. - Nikitichev oak. - Yandrus. - Dryad. - Pike. – Odi profanum vulgus. - Mavka. - In the hayloft. - My crime. - In the carpentry shop. - Duel. Until the train starts. - Jay wing.
Mission. Plague. Fairy tales and satires. Lvov, 1906. Contents: Mission. - Plague. - Fairy tales and satires: 1. Where do the old years go. - 2. How the master was looking for trouble for himself. - 3. How Rusyn pushed around the other world. – 4. Our audience. - 5. Pig. – 6. How Consent built the house. - 7. Dr. Besservisser. - 8. From the Galician "Book of Genesis". - 9. Badies. – 10. Thomas with a heart and Thomas without a heart.
Motherland and other stories. K., 1911. Contents: Introduction. - Motherland. - Coal miner. — William Tell. - Genius. - Hershko Goldmacher. - Crow and Vovkun. - Blueberry pies. - For the holiday.
Corvee bread and other stories. Lvov. 1913. Contents: Introduction. - Barshchin bread. - Forests and pastures. - Gypsies. - The history of the casing.
Ruthenians. Types of Galician Rusyns from the 60s and 70s Lvov, 1913. Contents: Introduction. – I. Young Rus'. – II. A common person. – III. Disappointed. – IV. Patriotic impulses.
As a separate collection, published in three editions, one can also consider " Old Russian stories» Franco, published in 1900 in three books of the Enlightenment society. Content:
Issue. 1: Introduction. - 1. The story of the death pipe and four boxes. - 2. The story of one-year-old kings. – 3. The story of King Haggai. - 4. The story of a tasty guardian;
Issue. 2:5. The story of the polovchin. – 6. A story about a man who lent to God;
Issue. 3:7. The story of the robber Flavian. – 8. The story of the mason Evlogii.
Of the above collections, original in composition, i.e. such that are formed from stories that were first published together in a separate publication are Borislav (1877), Galician Pictures (1885), When the Beasts Still Talked (1899), Seven Tales (1900), Old Russian Stories" (1900), "From the Stormy Years" (1903), "In the Bosom of Nature" (1905), "Mission. Plague. Fairy tales and satires (1906), Motherland and other stories (1911), Ruthenians (1913). The rest of the collections is a selection of stories from previous collections with the addition of several works published for the first time in the collection.
This publication follows the chronological principle of the arrangement of I. Franko's stories. The exceptions are the collections "Borislav", "When the animals were still talking", "Old Russian stories", "From the turbulent years", "Ruthenians", which are presented in a holistic way, along with prefaces.
Franko Ivan Yakovlevich was born on August 27, 1856 in the village. Naguevichi of the Drobetsky district. He died on May 28, 1916 in Lvov at the age of 60. Ukrainian writer, publicist and poet, scientist, translator, political and public figure, Doctor of Philosophy, current member of the Taras Shevchenko Scientific Society, Honorary Doctor of Kharkiv University.
Franko is the great classic of Ukrainian literature No. 2 after T. G. Shevchenko, who glorified Ukraine in the image of Kamenyar, so that his talent and world-class greatness were recognized
In the USSR - in 1962, the city of Stanislav was renamed after him - the regional center in the Ukrainian SSR, which became Ivano-Frankivsk;
In independent Ukraine - on a banknote of 20 hryvnia - a photo of Franko;
In modern Russia, streets in Moscow, Tula, Ufa, Kaliningrad, Tambov, Lipetsk, Perm, Cheboksary, Irkutsk and a number of other cities of modern Russia are named after Franko;
In Canada, a street in Montreal bears the name of Franco, and a monument to Ignashchenko's work is erected in Winnipeg;
In Kazakhstan, a street in the city of Rudny, Kostanay region of Kazakhstan, also bears the name of Ivan Franko;
Even during the life of Ivan Franko, his works were translated into German, Russian, Polish and Czech.
Such worldwide recognition of the name of Franko, as well as his enthusiasm for Marxism (although he later became his ardent critic), caused a backlash among a number of nationalist figures in independent Ukraine, and among the mass circle of Ukrainian readers grew indifference, and in some cases, almost undisguised hostility towards Franko himself. and neglect of his heritage. Who is Ivan Franko for us? It is impossible to answer this question without knowing who he was in his time for Galicia and all of Ukraine.
- Ivan Franko began to work for the benefit of Ukraine in 1873, starting with literature. Later he worked in the scientific field as a public and political figure, as a journalist, and wherever it was necessary to work for the benefit of the people. At the beginning of his career, Ivan Yakovlevich Franko was known not at all as a writer, but as an economist;
He studied the problems that in one way or another arose in connection with the abolition of corvée, as well as the introduction of capitalist relations in the countryside. So, not only theoretically, but also in practice, he tried to explain the teachings of Marx - Engels on the creation of added value, showing this on the example of salt mining in Naguevichi, etc. In the article "What is progress?" (1903), giving a general description of Engels' views on the future of socialist society, Franco wrote:
Time has shown the correctness of Franco's forecasts regarding the future of the state, which was built according to the main provisions of Marxist theory. These forecasts strikingly coincide with the general contours of the administrative-bureaucratic system that has been operating in Ukraine for 70 years.
- In 1904, Ivan Franko predicted what happened in Ukraine during the 70 years of the domination of the Soviet system. He wrote that if the communist program were to be carried out, it would be "the denial of all free workers' unions", it would be "the same forced labor for everyone, it would be the establishment of forced armies, especially for agriculture." The author of "Moses" 90 years ago wrote about "the omnipotence of the communist state, indicated in all 10 points of the communist manifesto, in practical translation would mean the triumph of the new bureaucracy over all its material and spiritual life."
The position taken by Ivan Franko in the last years of his life can be called nationalism. He was well aware of the difference between Marxist theory and the practice of national movements. The slogans put forward by Marx and Engels "Proletarians of all countries, unite" and "Workers have no Fatherland" provide for the international character of the workers' and social democratic movement. But the national movements, according to Franco, put forward the interests of the "single nation" as the largest unit that a person can embrace with his work.
Reading the works of Ivan Franko, we are convinced that the writer was against national and social enslavement. In 1887, he published the fairy tale “How a Rusyn trodden in the other world”, where he correctly presented Russia's policy towards Ukraine.
The famous Ukrainian artist and animator Yuri Zhuravel depicted Ivan Franko as follows:
Group dedicated to Franco in the social network "Vkontakte".
1875 - graduated from the gymnasium in Drohobych, became a student of the philosophical faculty of Lviv University;
Franko's active publishing and socio-political activities, as well as his correspondence with Mikhail Drahomanov, led to the arrest of the writer on charges of belonging to a secret socialist society;
1880 - arrested for the second time on charges of inciting the villagers against the authorities;
1881 - co-publisher of the magazine "Light";
1882 - after the closure of "Light" works in the magazine "Zarya" and the newspaper "Delo";
May 1986 - married Olga Khoruzhinskaya;
1888 - worked in the journal "Pravda";
1889 - arrested for the third time for his connections with the Dnieper;
1890 - with the support of Mikhail Dragomanov, Franko becomes a co-founder of the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party;
1908 - there is a significant deterioration in the writer's health. Nevertheless, he continues to work;
The organizers of the funeral were Kost Levitsky.
Ivan Franko had three sons. One of them, Andrei, died at the age of 26. Two others - Peter and Taras - became writers. There was also a daughter Anna, also a Ukrainian writer, publicist and memoirist.
A documentary film about Ivan Franko was shot on the Inter TV channel. In the project "Great Ukrainians" Svyatoslav Vakarchuk talks about Ivan Franko. TV channel Inter, 2008
1962 - the city of Stanislav was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk;
Streets and squares are named in honor of Ivan Franko in many cities of Ukraine;
Asteroid 2428 Kamenyar is named in his honor;
In memory of Ivan Franko, many monuments were opened in Ukraine and abroad. In particular, in Ivano-Frankivsk there is a monument and a bust to Ivan Franko:
July 27-29, 2012 in n. the village of Naguevichi hosted the music and creative festival "Franko Fest";
In with. Krivorivnya of the Vekhovinsky district opened a museum named after Ivan Franko, which exhibits many things that his hand touched:
Another museum in the village of Lolin;
In Kalush - the house-museum of the Franko family;
National Literary and Memorial Museum named after Ivan Franko in Lviv:
2006 - a coin with the image of Franco:
Stamp, the face value of which was 70 kopecks:
2003 - Franco's image on the 20-hryvnia banknote:
As can be seen from the photo, users of the Yandex search engine in September 2015 were interested in the query "Ivan Franko" 7,169 times.
And according to this chart, you can see how the interest of Yandex users in the query "Ivan Franko" has changed over the past two years:
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Ivan Yakovlevich Franko (Ukrainian Ivan Yakovych Franko; August 27, 1856 - May 28, 1916) - Ukrainian writer, poet, fiction writer, scientist, publicist and leader of the revolutionary socialist movement in the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (Austro-Hungarian Empire). In 1915 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize, but his untimely death prevented his candidacy from being considered.
One of the initiators of the founding of the "Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party" (later "Ukrainian Radical Party" - URP), which operated in Austria.
In honor of Franko, the city of Stanislav was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk, and in the Lviv region, the village of Yanov was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk.
Born in the family of a peasant blacksmith; mother, Maria Kulchitskaya, descended from the impoverished Rusyn gentry Kulchitsky family, coat of arms Sas, was 33 years younger than her husband. He described the first years of childhood in his stories with the brightest colors. In 1865 his father died. Stepfather, Grin Gavrilik, was attentive to the children, in fact, replaced the boy's father. Franco maintained friendly relations with his stepfather throughout his life. In 1872 Ivan Franko's mother died. The stepmother took over the upbringing of the children.
He studied first at the school in the village of Yasenitsa-Solnaya (1862-1864), then at the so-called normal school at the Basilian monastery of Drohobych (1864-1867). After graduating from the Drogobych Gymnasium in 1875 (now the Drogobych Pedagogical University), he was forced to earn his living by tutoring. From his earnings he allocated money for books for his personal library.
In many of Franco's autobiographical stories ("Gritz School Science", "Pencil", "Schönschreiben"), the atmosphere of the then school education with its scholasticism, corporal punishment, moral humiliation of students is artistically recreated. They show how difficult it was for a gifted peasant boy to get an education. Franko lived in an apartment with a distant relative, Koshytskaya, on the outskirts of Drogobych, often sleeping in coffins, which were made in his carpentry workshop (“In the Carpentry”). Already studying at the gymnasium, he discovered phenomenal abilities: he could almost verbatim repeat to his comrades an hour-long lecture by the teacher; knew the entire Kobzar by heart; often performed his homework in the Polish language in poetic form; deeply and for the rest of his life assimilated the content of the books he read. The circle of his reading at that time was the works of European classics, cultural studies, historical works, popular books on natural science topics. In general, the personal library of the Franco-gymnasist consisted of almost 500 books in various languages. At the same time, Franco began to translate the works of ancient authors (Sophocles, Euripides); under the influence of the creativity of Markian Shashkevich and Taras Shevchenko, he is fond of the richness and beauty of the Ukrainian language, begins to collect and record samples of oral folk art (songs, legends, etc.).
In the autumn of 1875 he became a student of the Faculty of Philosophy at Lviv University. During the training, Franco provided financial assistance Emelyan Partitsky. He was a member of the Russophile society, which used “paganism” as a literary language. The first works of Franco were written in the language - the poem "Folk Song" (1874) and the long fantasy novel "Petria and Dovbuschuks" (1875) in the style of Hoffmann, published in the printed organ of Russophile students "Friend". One of the first who drew attention to the work of the young Franko was the Ukrainian poet Kesar Belilovsky, who in 1882 published an article in the Kyiv newspaper Trud "A few words about the translation of Goethe's Faust into Ukrainian by Ivan Franko."
Under the influence of the letters of the Kyiv professor Mikhail Dragomanov, the youth, grouped around the "Friend", got acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and with Russian writers in general, and was imbued with democratic ideals, after which they chose the language of the Galician common people as an instrument of their literary speech; thus Rusyn literature received in its ranks, along with many other talented workers, and Franco. The old Russophiles, especially the editor of Slovo, Venedikt Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of Druha. In 1877, all members of the editorial board were arrested, and Franco spent 9 months in prison, in the same cell with thieves and vagabonds, in terrible hygienic conditions. Upon his release from prison, the entire Galician conservative society turned away from him, as from a dangerous person - not only Russophiles, but "Narodovtsy", that is, Ukrainophile nationalists of the older generation. Franco had to leave the university as well (he completed the course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship).
Both this stay in prison, and the second imprisonment in 1880, and another one in 1889, intimately acquainted Franco with various types of scum of society and working poor, brought to prison by need and exploitation, and provided him with a number of topics for fiction, which were printed mainly in the journals of the Dragomanov direction edited by him; they were the main glory of Franco and immediately began to be translated into other languages. Among them stand out a cycle of stories from the life of proletarian workers and rich entrepreneurs in the oil fields in Borislav; imbued with a humane attitude to human dignity, stories from the life of thieves and "former" people; alien to religious and national antagonism stories and stories from the life of the Jews.
Prison also inspired cycles of lyrical works, of which some, according to a number of critics, are deeper and more talented, but less popular, full of idealistic sadness for broad universal motives, while others, which have become extremely popular, energetically and effectively urge society to fight against social (class and economic) lies. Franco also showed talent in the field of an objective historical novel: his "Zakhar Berkut" (1883, from the time of the Tatar invasion of the 13th century) received an award even at the competition of the national-bourgeois magazine "Zorya", which did not see in it "Zola's naturalism" (pseudo-classics and scholastics - the Galicians always raised this reproach against Franco). In the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, this novel attracted the serious attention of readers to its author, who was so unlike most of the figures in the cultural movement of the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and laid the foundation for closer communication between Ivan Yakovlevich and the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire.
Behind the "naturalistic" and "radical" works of Franco, the Galicians also could not but recognize a brilliant talent, despite the fact that these works contained a challenge to the entire bourgeois-clerical Galician society; Franco's great erudition, literary education and awareness of political, social and political-economic issues served as an incentive for the "peoples" to seek Franco's cooperation in their bodies.
Gradually, peaceful relations were established between Ivan Franko and the Narodovtsy, and in 1885 he was invited by them to become the editor-in-chief of their literary and scientific organ Zorya. For two years, Franko led the Zorya very successfully, attracted all the most talented writers from Little Russia to its staff, and expressed his conciliatory attitude towards the Uniate clergy with his poem “Panski Zharti” (“Lord’s Jokes”), in which the image of an old village priest who believes his soul for his sheep. Nevertheless, in 1887 the most zealous clerics and bourgeois insisted on Franco's removal from the editorial board; other Narodovites also did not like Franco's excessive love for Russian writers (Franco personally translated a lot from the Russian language, and published a lot), which Galician nationalists considered Moskvophilia.
But Franco found the highest sympathy among the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire. At that time, by virtue of the Emsky decree in Russia, the publication of works in the Ukrainian language was severely limited, so his collection of poems "From peaks and lowlands" ("From the heights and valleys", 1887; 2nd ed., 1892) was copied and memorized by many for memory, but a collection of stories from the life of the working people: “In the pot” (1890); there is a Russian translation of "In the Sweat of His Face", St. Petersburg, 1901), brought to Kyiv in the amount of several hundred copies, was snapped up. He began to place something in the "Kievskaya Starina", under the pseudonym "Miron"; but even in Galicia, the Narodovites involuntarily continued to seek his cooperation and published, for example, his anti-Jesuit story "Missiya" ("Vatra", 1887). Its continuation, The Plague (Zorya, 1889; 3rd ed. - Vik, Kyiv, 1902), was supposed to reconcile the Narodovtsy with Franko, since the hero of the story is an extremely handsome Uniate priest; Franco's participation in the nationalist journal Pravda also foreshadowed peace; but the agreement of the Galician Narodovtsy with the Polish gentry, the Jesuits and the Austrian government that took place in 1890 forced Franco, Pavlik and all the progressive Rusyns of Galicia to separate into a completely separate party.
Under the agreement of 1890 (this is the so-called "new era"), the Rusyn language acquired in Austria very important advantages in public life and school, up to and including the university. The party of strict democrats, organized by Franko and Pavlik to counterbalance the "new era", adopted the name "Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party"; her organ "People" (1890-1895), in which Franco wrote a lot of journalistic articles, existed until the death of Drahomanov (he sent articles from Sofia, where he was then a professor); subsequently, instead of the "People", this very strengthened party had other newspapers and magazines at its disposal.
The "people" preached selfless devotion to the interests of the peasantry, and considered the introduction of communal land tenure and artels to be a useful means for raising the peasant's well-being; The ideals of German socialism were often presented to the “People” as something barracks, “like the Arakcheevsky military settlements” (Dragomanov’s words), the Marxist theory of promoting the proletarianization of the masses was inhuman; Franco ended up popularizing (in Life and Words) English Fabianism. In religious terms, the "People" was an ardent enemy of the union and demanded freedom of conscience. In national terms, the “People” held on to the Rusyn language just as firmly as the “Novoerists”, and considered its use obligatory for the Ukrainian intelligentsia, but deduced such a need from purely democratic motives and proclaimed the fight against chauvinism and Rus-eating. In the Naroda's polemic against the narrowly nationalist Pravda, the most caustic articles were those of Franco; the volume of political poems he published (“Nimechchina”, “Oslyachi Vybori”, etc.) irritated the nationalists even more. Intensified journalistic activity and leadership of the radical party were conducted by Franco completely free of charge; livelihoods had to be obtained by diligent paid work in Polish newspapers. Therefore, in the first two years of the publication of The People, Franco's fiction work and his scientific studies almost ceased; the time free from journalism and politics was enough for Franco only for short lyrical poems (in 1893, the collection “Withered Leaves” - “Withered Leaves” - was published - a gentle melancholy love content, with a motto for the reader: Sei ein Mann und folge mir nicht ( "Be a man and don't take my example")).
Around 1893, Franko suddenly devoted himself mainly to academic studies, again enrolled in Lviv University, where he was proposed by Professor Ogonovsky as successors in the department of Old Russian and Ukrainian literature, then he completed his historical and philological education at the University of Vienna at seminars with Academician Yagich, publishes (1899) [specify ] extensive psychological research on John Vyshensky and defends his doctoral dissertation: “Varlaam and Yossaf”, publishes (since 1894) the literary-historical-folklore magazine “Life and the Word”, prints old Russian manuscripts, etc. In 1895, after a successful introductory Franko’s lectures at Lviv University, the professorial senate elected him to the chair of Ukrainian and Old Russian literature, and Franko could rejoice that at last he had the opportunity to throw off the “yoke of corvée” (as he called compulsory work in Polish newspapers for the sake of a piece of bread for himself and family) and devote himself entirely to his native science and literature. However, the Galician governor, Count Kazimir Badeni, did not allow a man "who was in prison three times" to be approved as a professor.
The heavy pessimistic mood of Franco was expressed in his collection of poems: “My Izmaragd” (1898, modeled on the ancient Russian “Izmaragds”); in one of his poems, the tormented poet declared that he was unable to love his inert, unenergetic nation, but would simply be faithful to it, like a yard dog who is faithful to his master, although he does not love him. The depravity of the Polish gentry society was described by Franko in the novels “Fundamentals of Suspility” = “Pillars of Society”, “For the Home Fire” = “For the Sake of the Family Hearth” (1898) and others. condemnation not only of the Polish nobility, but of the entire Polish people.
Most of all, Franco paid for his research on the psychology of Mickiewicz's work, on the occasion of his anniversary: "Der Dichter des Verraths" "The Poet of Treason" (in the Viennese magazine "Zeit"). The general indignation of Polish society closed for him access to Polish newspapers and magazines, even the most impartial shade. Work in German, Czech, Russian magazines (“Kyiv Starina”, “Northern Courier”) remained a source of livelihood, but this casual income was not enough, and at one time the poet was threatened with blindness from a dark apartment and starvation with his family.
Just by this time, the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lvov, under the chairmanship of Professor M. S. Grushevsky, received a progressive character and undertook several series of scientific and literary publications; work in these publications began to be paid, and Ivan Franko was involved in the number of main workers. From 1898 he was the editor of the Literary and Scientific Bulletin, a Ukrainian journal published by the Shevchenko Society; most of his fictional, poetic, critical, historical and literary works are printed here. His novel "Cross Stitches" = "Cross Paths" (1900) depicts the thorny life of an honest Rusyn public figure in Galicia, whose energy must be spent to a large extent on fighting petty squabbles and the intrusion of political enemies into his personal life. A lyrical recollection of the sad past experienced is a collection of poems: “From the days of grief” = “From the days of sorrow” (1900). Franco's scholarly writings on history, literature, psychology, sociology, archeology, ethnography, etc. are published in the "Notes" of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and - as monographs - in numerous "Proceedings" of the section of the society, in one of which Franco is the chairman. An incomplete list of only titles written by Franco, compiled by M. Pavlik, formed a voluminous book (Lvov, 1898).
Franco was acquainted with the leaders of Viennese modernism Artur Schnitzler, Herman Bahr, the Czech philosopher and future president of Czechoslovakia Tomasz Masaryk, the founder of Zionism Theodor Herzl, the head of the Polish symbolists Stanislav Przybyszewski, and corresponded with the classic of Polish literature Eliza Orzeszko.
Franko's 25th literary anniversary was solemnly celebrated in 1895 by Ukrainians of all parties and countries. The best Ukrainian writers of Russia and Austria, without distinction of directions, devoted a collection to Franco: "Privit" (1898). During Franco's lifetime, some of his writings were translated into German, Polish, Czech and - mainly at the end of his life - Russian.
Franco, having left politics, died during the First World War in poverty and was buried at the Lychakiv cemetery in Lvov. The sons of I. Ya. Franko, the elder Taras and the younger Peter, who had previously worked in the chemical industry under a contract in the USSR, became writers. In 1939 they supported the accession of Galicia to the USSR. Peter, was elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Ukrainian SSR, but was suspected of disloyalty by the Soviet authorities, in June 1941 he was arrested and disappeared in the dungeons of the NKVD when German troops approached Lvov. Taras in the post-war years taught literature and wrote memoirs about his father. Franco's granddaughter, Zinovia Tarasovna, organized the volume of Franco's writings that had not passed the censorship.
S. Naguevichi, Drohobych district, Galicia - May 28, Lviv) - writer, poet, fiction writer, scientist, publicist and leader of the revolutionary socialist movement in western Ukraine. One of the initiators of the founding of the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party, which operated on the territory of Austria.
In honor of Franko, the city of Stanislavov was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk.
Born in the family of a peasant blacksmith; in his stories he depicts the first years of his childhood with the lightest colors. The father died before the son graduated from the Drohobych Basilian “normal” school. His stepfather, also a peasant, took care of the continuation of his education. Soon, Franco's mother also died, so that for the summer he came to a strange family - and yet the stay in it seemed to the boy a paradise in comparison with the school, where rude and uneducated teachers, indulging the children of the rich, inhumanly tortured the children of poor parents; according to Ivan Franko, he took out the hatred for the oppression of one person by another from a normal school. As here, so later in the gymnasium, he was the first student; in the summer the schoolboy grazed cattle and helped in field work; poetic translations from the Bible, ancient and Western European writers, which he then studied, wrote in the Ukrainian folk language.
Enrolling in Lviv University in 1875, Franko joined the student circle of the so-called “Moskvophile” party, which was then still strong in Galicia; this party used "paganism" as a literary language, that is, a mixture of Church Slavonic with Polish and Ukrainian words. In this language, Franko began to publish his poems and the long fantasy novel Detrii and Doboshchuki in the style of Hoffmann in the organ of Muscovite students Friend. One of the first who turned his attention to the work of the young poet Ivan Franko was the Ukrainian poet Belilovsky Kesar Alexandrovich, who in 1882 in the Kyiv newspaper "Trud" published an article "A few words about the translation of Goethe's Faust into Ukrainian by Ivan Franko."
Under the influence of the letters of the Kyiv professor Mikhail Dragomanov, the youth, grouped around the "Friend", got acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and with Russian writers in general, and was imbued with democratic ideals, after which they chose the language of the Galician common people - Ukrainian as an instrument of their literary speech; thus Ukrainian literature received in its ranks, along with many other talented workers, and Franko. Enraged by the mass loss of youth, the old Muscovites, especially the editor of Slovo V. Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of Druha. Its members were all arrested in 1877, and Ivan Franko spent 9 months in prison, in the same room with thieves and vagabonds, in terrible hygienic conditions. Upon his release from prison, the entire Galician conservative society turned away from him, as from a dangerous person - not only Muscovites, but also the so-called Narodovtsy, that is, Ukrainophile nationalists of the older generation, with bourgeois or Uniate-clerical convictions. Franco had to leave the university as well (he graduated from the university course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship).
Both this stay in prison, and the second imprisonment in 1880, and another one in 1889, intimately acquainted Franco with various types of scum of society and poor workers, brought to prison by need and exploitation, and provided him with a number of topics for fiction, which were published mainly in the journals of the Dragomanov direction edited by him; they were the main glory of Franco and immediately began to be translated into other languages. Among them stand out: a cycle of stories from the life of proletarian workers and rich entrepreneurs in the oil fields in Borislav; imbued with a humane attitude to human dignity, stories from the life of thieves and "former" people; alien to religious and national antagonism stories and stories from the life of Jews (translated into Russian several times; poetic poems from the life of Jews seeking the truth).
Prison also inspired cycles of lyrical works, of which some, according to a number of critics, are deeper and more talented, but less popular, full of idealistic sadness for broad universal motives, while others, which have become extremely popular, energetically and effectively urge society to fight against social (class and economic) lies. Franko also showed talent in the field of an objective historical novel: his "Zakhar Berkut" (1883, from the time of the Tatar invasion of the 13th century) received an award even at the competition of the national-bourgeois magazine "Zorya", which did not see in it "Zola's naturalism" (pseudo-classics and scholastics - the Galicians always raised this reproach against Franco). In the Ukrainian provinces of the Russian Empire, this novel attracted the serious attention of readers to its author, who was so unlike most of the figures in the cultural movement of Galicia, and laid the foundation for closer communication between Ivan Yakovlevich and Ukrainians in Russia.
Behind the "naturalistic" and "radical" works of Franco, the Galicians also could not but recognize a brilliant talent, despite the fact that these works contained a challenge to the entire bourgeois-clerical Galician society; Franco's great erudition, literary education and awareness of political, social and political-economic issues served as an incentive for the "peoples" to seek Franco's cooperation in their bodies.
House of Ivan Franko in Lvov, now the museum of the writer
Gradually, peaceful relations were established between Ivan Franko and the Narodovtsy, and in 1885 he was invited by them even to the chief editors of their literary and scientific organ Zorya. For two years, Franko led the Zorya very successfully, attracted all the most talented writers from Russian Ukraine to its staff, and expressed his conciliatory attitude towards the Uniate clergy with his beautiful poem “Panski Zharti” (“Lord's Jokes”), in which the image of an old village priest is idealized who lays down his life for his sheep. Nevertheless, in 1887 the most zealous clerics and bourgeois insisted on Franco's removal from the editorial board; other peoples of the people also did not like Franco's excessive love for Russian writers (Franco personally translated a lot from the Russian language, and published a lot), in which Ukrainian chauvinism sensed "Moskalephilism".
But Franco found the highest sympathy among the Ukrainians of the Russian Empire. At that time, by virtue of the Emsky decree in Russia, the publication of works in the Ukrainian language was severely limited, so his collection of poems “Z Peaks and Lowlands” (“From Heights and Dales”, 1887; 2nd ed., 1892) was copied and memorized by many for memory, but a collection of stories from the life of the working people: “In the pot” (1890); there is a Russian translation of "In the Sweat of His Face", St. Petersburg, 1901), brought to Kyiv in the amount of several hundred copies, was snapped up. He began to place something in the "Kievskaya Starina", under the pseudonym "Miron"; but even in Galicia, the Narodovites involuntarily continued to seek his cooperation and published, for example, his anti-Jesuit story "Missiya" ("Vatra", 1887). Its continuation, The Plague (Zorya, 1889; 3rd ed. - Vik, Kyiv, 1902), was supposed to reconcile the Narodovtsy with Franko, since the hero of the story is an extremely handsome Uniate priest; Franco's participation in the nationalist journal Pravda also foreshadowed peace; but the agreement of the Galician Narodovtsy with the Polish gentry, the Jesuits, and the Austrian government, which took place in 1890, forced Franko, Pavlik, and all the progressive Ukrainians of Galicia to secede into a completely separate party.
According to the agreement of 1890 (this is the so-called “new era”), the Ukrainian language in Austria acquired very important advantages in public life and school, up to and including the university, but the Ukrainian intelligentsia was obliged to sacrifice the interests of the peasants, support the union with Rome and suppress Russophilism . The party of strict democrats, organized by Franko and Pavlik to counterbalance the "new era", adopted the name "Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party"; her organ "People" (1890-95), in which Franco wrote a lot of journalistic articles, existed until the death of Drahomanov (he sent articles from Sofia, where he was then a professor); subsequently, instead of the "People", this very strengthened party had other newspapers and magazines at its disposal.
The "people" preached selfless devotion to the interests of the peasantry, and considered the introduction of communal land tenure and artels to be a useful means for raising the peasant's well-being; The ideals of German socialism were often presented to the “People” as something barracks, “like the Arakcheevsky military settlements” (Dragomanov’s words), the Marxist theory of promoting the proletarianization of the masses was inhuman; Franco ended up popularizing (in Life and Words) English Fabianism. In religious terms, the "People" was an ardent enemy of the union and demanded freedom of conscience. In national terms, the “People” held on to the Ukrainian language just as tightly as the “new-erists”, and considered its use obligatory for the Ukrainian intelligentsia, but deduced such a need from purely democratic motives and proclaimed the fight against chauvinism and Rus-eating. In the Naroda's polemic against the narrowly nationalist Pravda, the most caustic articles were those of Franco; the volume of political poems he published (“Nimechchina”, “Oslyachi Vybori”, etc.) irritated the nationalists even more. Intensified journalistic activity and leadership of the radical party were conducted by Franco completely free of charge; livelihoods had to be obtained by diligent paid work in Polish newspapers. Therefore, in the first two years of the publication of The People, Franco's fiction work and his scientific studies almost ceased; the time free from journalism and politics was enough for Franco only for short lyrical poems (in 1893 the collection “Withered Leaves” - “Withered Leaves” - was published - a gentle melancholic love content, with a motto for the reader: Sei ein Mann und folge mir nicht ("Be human and don't take my example")).
Around 1893, Franko suddenly devoted himself mainly to academic studies, again enrolled in Lviv University, where he was appointed by Professor Ogonovsky as a successor in the department of ancient Russian and Ukrainian literature, then completed his historical and philological education at the University of Vienna at the seminaries of Academician Yagich, published (1894) an extensive research on John Vyshensky and a doctoral dissertation: “Varlaam and Yossaf”, publishes (since 1894) the literary-historical-folklore magazine “Life and Word”, prints old Russian manuscripts, etc. In 1895, after a successful introductory lecture Franko at Lviv University, the professorial senate elected him to the chair of Ukrainian and Old Russian literature, and Franko could be glad that he finally had the opportunity to throw off the “yoke of corvée” (as he called compulsory work in Polish newspapers for the sake of a piece of bread for himself and his family ) and devote himself entirely to native science and literature. However, the Galician governor, Count Kazimir Badeni, did not allow a man "who was in prison three times" to be approved as a professor.
The heavy pessimistic mood of Franco was expressed in his collection of poems: “My Izmaragd” (1898, modeled on the ancient Russian “Izmaragds”); in one of his poems, the tormented poet declared that he was unable to love his inert, unenergetic nation, but would simply be faithful to it, like a yard dog who is faithful to his master, although he does not love him. The depravity of the Polish gentry society was described by Franko in the novels “Fundamentals of Suspility” = “Pillars of Society”, “For the Home Fire” = “For the Sake of the Family Hearth” (1898) and others. condemnation not only of the Polish nobility, but of the entire Polish people.
Franco paid the most for his research on Mickiewicz, on the occasion of his jubilee: "Der Dichter des Verraths" (in the Viennese magazine "Zeit"). The general indignation of Polish society closed for him access to Polish newspapers and magazines, even the most impartial shade. Work in German, Czech, Russian magazines (“Kyiv Starina”, “Northern Courier”) remained a source of livelihood, but this casual income was not enough, and at one time the poet was threatened with blindness from a dark apartment and starvation with his family.
Just by this time, the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lvov received, under the chairmanship of Professor M. S. Grushevsky, a progressive character and undertook several series of scientific and literary publications; work in these publications began to be paid and Franko was involved in the number of main employees. Since 1898, he was the editor of the Literary and Scientific Bulletin, a Ukrainian magazine published by the Shevchenko Society; most of his fictional, poetic, critical, historical and literary works are printed here. His novel "Cross Stitches" = "Cross Paths" (1900) depicts the thorny life of an honest Rusyn public figure in Galicia, whose energy must be spent to a large extent on fighting petty squabbles and the intrusion of political enemies into his personal life. A lyrical recollection of the sad past experienced is a collection of poems: “From the days of grief” = “From the days of sorrow” (1900). Franco's scholarly writings on history, literature, archeology, ethnography, etc. are published in the "Notes" of the Shevchenko Scientific Society and - as monographs - in numerous "Proceedings" of the section of the society, one of which Franco is the chairman. An incomplete list of only titles written by Franco, compiled by M. Pavlik, formed a voluminous book (Lvov, 1898).
Franco was acquainted with the leaders of Viennese modernism Artur Schnitzler, Hermon Bahr, the Czech philosopher and future president of Czechoslovakia Tomas Masaryk, the founder of Zionism Theodor Herzl, and the head of the Polish symbolists Stanislav Pshibyshevsky.
Franko's 25th literary jubilee was solemnly celebrated in 1899 by Ukrainians of all parties and countries. The best Ukrainian writers of Russia and Austria, without distinction of directions, devoted a collection to Franco: "Privit" (1898). During Franco's lifetime, some of Franco's writings were translated into German, Polish, Czech and - mostly at the end of his life - Russian.
Franko, who left politics in 1904, died in poverty during the First World War and was buried at the Lychakiv Cemetery in Lvov.
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- "IVAN FRANKO", USSR, Kyiv film studio, 1956, color, 100 min. Historical biopic. About the Ukrainian poet, writer, publicist and public figure Ivan Franko (1856 1916), who was subjected to three times for promoting the ideas of Russian democrats ... ... Cinema Encyclopedia
Ivan Yakovlevich Franko(Ukrainian Ivan Yakovich Franko; August 27, 1856 - May 28, 1916) - Ukrainian writer, poet, scientist, publicist, decadent and activist of the revolutionary socialist movement in the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (Austro-Hungarian Empire). In 1915 he was nominated for the Nobel Prize, but his premature death prevented his candidacy from being considered.
One of the initiators of the founding of the "Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party" (later "Ukrainian Radical Party" - URP), which operated in Austria.
In honor of Franko, the city of Stanislav was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk, and in the Lviv region, the village of Yanov was renamed Ivano-Frankivsk.
Born into the family of a wealthy peasant blacksmith; mother, Maria Kulchitskaya, descended from the impoverished Rusyn gentry Kulchitsky family, coat of arms Sas, was 33 years younger than her husband. He described the first years of childhood in his stories with the brightest colors. Ivan's father died in 1865. Stepfather, Grin Gavrilik, was attentive to the children, in fact, replaced the boy's father. Franco maintained friendly relations with his stepfather throughout his life. In 1872, Ivan's mother died, and the stepmother began to raise children.
He studied first at the school in the village of Yasenitsa-Solnaya (1862-1864), then at the so-called normal school at the Basilian monastery of Drohobych (1864-1867). After graduating from the Drogobych Gymnasium in 1875 (now the Drogobych Pedagogical University), he was forced to earn a living by tutoring. From his earnings he allocated money for books for his personal library.
In many of Franco's autobiographical stories ("Gritz School Science", "Pencil", "Schnschreiben"), the atmosphere of the then school education with its scholasticism, corporal punishment, moral humiliation of students is artistically recreated. They show how difficult it was for a gifted peasant boy to get an education. Franko lived in an apartment with a distant relative, Koshytskaya, on the outskirts of Drogobych, often sleeping in coffins that were made in her carpentry workshop (“In the Carpentry”). Already studying at the gymnasium, he discovered phenomenal abilities: he could almost verbatim repeat to his comrades an hour-long lecture by the teacher; knew the entire Kobzar by heart; he often performed his homework in the Polish language in a poetic form; deeply and for the rest of his life assimilated the content of the books he read. The circle of his reading at that time was the works of European classics, cultural studies, historical works, popular books on natural science topics. In general, the personal library of the Franco-gymnasist consisted of almost 500 books in various languages. At the same time, Franco began to translate the works of ancient authors (Sophocles, Euripides); under the influence of the creativity of Markian Shashkevich and Taras Shevchenko, he became interested in the richness and beauty of the Ukrainian language, began to collect and record samples of oral folk art (songs, legends, etc.).
In the autumn of 1875 he became a student of the Faculty of Philosophy at Lviv University. During the training, Franko was provided with material assistance by Yemelyan Partitsky. He was a member of the Russophile society, which used “paganism” as a literary language. The first works of Franco were written in the language - the poem "Folk Song" (1874) and the long fantasy novel "Petrias and Dovbuschuks" (1875) in the style of Hoffmann, published in the printed organ of Russophile students "Friend". One of the first who drew attention to the work of the young Franko was the Ukrainian poet Kesar Belilovsky, who in 1882 in the Kyiv newspaper "Trud" published an article "A few words about the translation of Goethe's Faust into Ukrainian by Ivan Franko", and in the Lviv student The magazine "Drug" under the pseudonym Dzhedzhalyk for the first time appears the poems of the eighteen-year-old Franco - "My Song" and "Folk Song".
Under the influence of the letters of the Kyiv professor Mikhail Dragomanov, the youth, grouped around the "Friend", got acquainted with Russian literature of the era of great reforms and with Russian writers in general, and was imbued with democratic ideals, after which they chose the language of the Galician common people as an instrument of their literary speech; thus Rusyn literature received in its ranks, along with many other talented workers, and Franco. The old Russophiles, especially the editor of Slovo, Venedikt Ploshchansky, turned to the Austrian police with denunciations against the editors of Druha. In 1877, all members of the editorial board were arrested, and Franco spent 9 months in prison, in the same cell with thieves and vagabonds, in terrible hygienic conditions. Upon his release from prison, the entire Galician conservative society turned away from him, as from a dangerous person - not only Russophiles, but "Narodovtsy", that is, Ukrainophile nationalists of the older generation. Franco had to leave the university as well (he completed the course 15 years later, when he was preparing for a professorship).
