Includes painters and graphic artists of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire, whose priority genre was landscape. Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 Notes ... Wikipedia
Here is a list of painters of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire of the 20th century. Names are given in alphabetical order. The basis for inclusion in the list is recognition by the artistic community, confirmed ... Wikipedia
A collection of postcards by Russian artists at the PostCardExpo 2008 exhibition in Moscow ... Wikipedia
Boris Kustodiev. "Group portrait of the members of the association "World of Art"". The list of Silver Age artists includes painters and graphic artists ... Wikipedia
Here is a list of women painters of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire. The names of the artists are given in alphabetical order. The basis for inclusion in the list is recognition by the art community, confirmed ... ... Wikipedia
Here is a list of painters members of the Leningrad Union of Artists (founded on August 2, 1932 as the Leningrad Regional Union of Soviet Artists; since 1959, the Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of the RSFSR; from ... ... Wikipedia
Vladimir Putin presents Metropolitan Kirill with the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 2nd Class. Moscow, Kremlin, December 21, 2006 Main article ... Wikipedia
On July 16, 1943, the honorary title "People's Artist of the RSFSR" was established. The title was awarded by Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, after taking office on July 10, 1991, the President of the RSFSR by Decrees of the President of the RSFSR. After the change ... ... Wikipedia
Main article: Order of Francysk Skaryna Order of Francysk Skaryna The Order of Francysk Skaryna is one of the orders of Belarus. Established by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Belarus in 1995. Awarded either for the development of Belarusian ... Wikipedia
This is a list of holders of the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, III degree (after the date is the number of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation, which was awarded) Knights of the Order of the III degree, awarded according to published decrees # ... Wikipedia
Among all the most famous artists, I would like to highlight the work of the artist Miftyakhov Marat Khaidarovich.
The landscapes of Marat are amazing and unique.
Pictures are different realistic and unrealistic, understandable and incomprehensible.
If you see that a glass is drawn in the picture, then this is quite obvious and what is there to think about? You looked at the picture and realized that it was a glass, tomorrow you looked again and again and realized that it was a glass ... Most likely, after looking at a similar picture once, you no longer want to look at it again, since it is obvious and does not need in explanation. Marat's paintings are the complete opposite of such paintings. They attract and fascinate in that they depict completely unfamiliar and incomprehensible objects and landscapes, creating fantastic views in combination with each other.
The paintings contain many different small details.
It is very difficult to see the whole picture in detail at once, such pictures need to be viewed multiple times. And each time, approaching the picture, the viewer can discover something new, something that he had not noticed before. This quality is inherent in all the paintings of Marat and it attracts even more to their viewing. The pictures are informative and carry a deep philosophical meaning.
“I consider Renato Guttuso the most significant artist of modern Western Europe,” wrote J. Berger.
And here are the words of Carlo Levi “Guttuso is a great artist: and not only in Sicily and Italy. Now he is one of the largest artists in the world. I am deeply convinced of this and I am happy that I can state this without restrictions and reservations, with full responsibility.”
Renato Guttuso was born in Sicily in Bagheria near Palermo on December 26, 1911 (according to other sources - January 2, 1912), in the family of a surveyor. He received his first professional skills from the folk master Emilio Murdolo, who painted carriages. Studying at the Lyceum, Guttuso is also engaged in painting: he gets acquainted with books on art, visits the workshops of artists. At the end of the twenties, his first paintings appear.
At the first Quadriennale (a four-year exhibition of Italian artists), he had little success - two of his paintings drew the attention of critics.
Already during his lifetime, the name of Dali was surrounded by a halo of world fame. No one, except Pablo Picasso, could compare with him in fame.
The famous film director Alfred Hitchcock wrote: “I appreciated Dali for the cutting contours of his paintings - of course, in many ways similar to the paintings of de Chirico - for his long shadows, endless estrangement, elusive line that goes to infinity, for faces without form. Naturally, he invented many more very strange things that could not be realized.
Dali said about his painting: “How do you want to understand my paintings, when I myself, who created them, do not understand them either. The fact that I do not understand my paintings at the moment when I am painting does not mean that these paintings do not have any meaning, on the contrary, their meaning is so deep, complex, connected, involuntary that it eludes simple logical analysis.
Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dali y Domenech was born on May 11, 1904 in the small town of Figueres (province of Girona), in the family of a lawyer. He was christened with the same name as his brother, who died at the age of seven from meningitis. In his autobiography, the artist writes: “Having been born, I took the place of the adored deceased, whom they continued to love through me ... All my subsequent eccentric actions, all my inconsistent antics were the tragic constant of my life: I had to prove to myself that I was not mine. a dead brother, but a living one. That is how I encountered the myth of Castor and Pollux: by killing my own brother within me, I won my own immortality.”
“Realism is not a formula established once and for all, not a dogma, not an immutable law. Realism, as a form of reflection of reality, must be in constant motion,” says Siqueiros. And one more of his statements: “The viewer is not a statue that is included in the linear perspective of the picture ... he is the one who moves across its entire surface ... a person, surveying the painting, complements the artist’s work with his movement.”
On December 29, 1896, in the Mexican town of Chihuahua, Don Cipriano Alfaro and Teresa Siqueiros had a son, Jose David Alfaro Siqueiros. By the age of eleven, he showed the gift of a painter, so in 1907 the boy was sent to study at the National Preparatory School in Mexico City. Shortly thereafter, Alfaro begins to study in the classes of the San Carlos Art Academy.
Here Siqueiros becomes one of the student leaders and raises the academy to protest and strike. The artist recalls: “What were the aims of our strike? What did we require? Our demands concerned both educational and political issues. We wanted to do away with the musty academic routine that reigned supreme in our school. At the same time, we made some demands of an economic nature... We demanded the nationalization of the railways. All of Mexico laughed at us… Frankly speaking, I am deeply convinced that it was on that day that an artist-citizen was born in the soul of each of us, an artist living in public interests…”
Plastov's canvases are full of life-affirming power. Through color and thanks to color, he fills his paintings with a lively, quivering feeling. The artist says: “I love this life. And when you see her year after year ... you think that you need to tell people about it ... Our life is full and rich, there are so many amazingly interesting things in it that even the ordinary everyday affairs of our people attract attention, shake the soul. You have to be able to see it, notice it."
Arkady Alexandrovich Plastov was born on January 31, 1893 in the village of Prislonikha, Simbirsk province, into the family of a village icon painter. His parents dreamed that their son would become a priest. After graduating from three classes of a rural school, in 1903 Arkady was sent to the Simbirsk Theological School. Five years later he entered the Simbirsk Theological Seminary.
In the spring of the same year, 1908, he came into close contact with the work of an artel of icon painters who were renovating the church in Prislonikha. “When they began to put up scaffolding,” the artist writes in his autobiography, “rubbing paints, cooking drying oil on the steep bank of the river, I myself was not myself and walked, as if enchanted, near the arriving miracle workers.” Watching how a new, unprecedented world of images was born on the walls of an old, sooty church, the boy firmly decided: "To be only a painter and nothing more."
Chagall can be understood through “feeling” and not “comprehension”. "The sky, flight - the main state of Chagall's brush," Andrey Voznesensky noted.
“I walked on the moon,” the artist said, “when there were no astronauts yet. In my paintings, the characters were in the sky and in the air ... "
Mark Zakharovich Chagall was born on July 7, 1887 in the city of Vitebsk. He was the eldest of ten children of a small merchant. His father served as a worker for a herring merchant, and his mother, Feiga, kept a petty shop. In 1905, Mark graduated from the four-year city trade school.
The first teacher of Mark was in 1906 Yu.M. Peng. In his autobiography, entitled “My Life,” Chagall dedicates the following lines to Yuri Moiseevich: “Peng is dear to me. So his trembling figure stands before his eyes. In my memory, he lives next to his father. Often, mentally walking along the deserted streets of my city, I stumble upon it every now and then. How many times I was ready to beg him, standing on the threshold of the school: I don’t need fame, if only I could become like you, a modest master, or hang, instead of your paintings, on your street, in your house, next to you. Let me!”
The famous critic Paul Husson wrote in 1922 of Modigliani:
“After Gauguin, he was undoubtedly the best able to express the feeling of the tragic in his work, but with him this feeling was more intimate and usually devoid of any exclusivity.
... This artist carries within himself all the unspoken aspirations for a new expressiveness, characteristic of an era that yearns for the absolute and does not know the ways to it.
Amedeo Clemente Modigliani was born on July 12, 1884 to Italian Jewish parents. His father, Flaminio Modigliani, after the bankruptcy of his office "Firewood, Coal", headed the office of an intermediary. Mother, Evgenia Garsen, came from a merchant family.
Picasso said: "Art is a lie that helps us understand the truth."
Pablo Ruiz Picasso was born on October 25, 1881 in Malaga, Spain, to the artist Don Jose Ruiz and Maria Picasso y Lopez. Over time, the artist took the name of his mother. My father was a modest art teacher, sometimes taking orders for interior painting. The boy began to draw very early. The very first sketches amaze with artistry, professional skill. The first picture of the young artist was called "Picador".
When Pablo turns ten years old, he moves with his family to A Coruña. In 1892, he entered the local Art School, where his father taught a class in drawing and ornamentation.
G.S. Oganov writes: “... The artist sought to reveal the life of the image through the expressiveness of form, hence the search for dynamic tension, rhythm and color. Of course, the viewer is not struck by these searches themselves, but, above all, by the result. And this result in Petrov-Vodkin still always goes beyond the limits of purely compositional-decorative, pictorial searches - there is always the life of the spirit in a concrete-psychological and at the same time philosophical-generalized expression. This gives a scale to his works and makes them, despite all the external, formal parallels with ancient Russian or modern Western European art, original, original, deeply independent works.
Kuzma Sergeevich Petrov-Vodkin was born on the Volga in the small town of Khvalynsk on November 5, 1878. He was the first-born in the family of the shoemaker Sergei Fedorovich Vodkin and his wife Anna Panteleevna, nee Petrova. When the boy was in his third year, his father was taken into the army and sent to serve in St. Petersburg, on Okhta. Soon Anna Panteleevna also moved there with her little son. Two and a half years later there was a return to Khvalynsk, where the mother entered the service in the house of the local rich. Kuzma lived with her in the wing.
I.E. Repin called Kustodiev "a hero of Russian painting." “A great Russian artist - and with a Russian soul,” another famous painter, M.V., said about him. Nesterov. And here is what N.A. Sautin: “Kustodiev is an artist of versatile talent. A magnificent painter, he entered Russian art as the author of significant works of everyday genre, original landscapes and portraits profound in content. An excellent draftsman and graphic artist, Kustodiev worked in linocut and woodcuts, performed book illustrations and theater sketches. He developed his own original artistic system, managed to feel and embody the original features of Russian life.
Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev was born on March 7, 1878 in Astrakhan. His father, Mikhail Lukich Kustodiev, who taught Russian language, literature, logic at the Astrakhan women's gymnasium and seminary, died when the boy was not even two years old. All worries about the upbringing of four children fell on the shoulders of the mother, Ekaterina Prokhorovna. Mother rented a small outbuilding in the house of a wealthy merchant. As Boris Mikhailovich recalls: “The whole way of a rich and abundant merchant life was in full view ... These were the living types of Ostrovsky ...” Decades later, these impressions materialize in Kustodiev’s paintings.
The founder of his own abstract style - Suprematism - Kazimir Severinovich Malevich was born on February 23, 1878 (according to other sources - 1879) in Kyiv. Parents Severin Antonovich and Ludwig Alexandrovna were Poles by origin. Later, the artist recalled: “The circumstances in which my childhood life proceeded were as follows: my father worked at sugar beet factories, which are usually built in the deep wilderness, far from cities and towns.”
Around 1890, the father was transferred to the plant, which was located in the village of Parkhomovka, near Belopolye. Here, Kazimir graduated from a five-year agricultural school: “The village ... was engaged in art (I didn’t know such a word then) ... I watched with great excitement how the peasants made paintings, and helped them smear the floors of the hut with clay and make patterns on the stove ... The whole life of the peasants fascinated me strongly ... Against this background, feelings for art, for art, developed in me. Four years later, the family moved to a factory in Volchka, and then moved to Konotop.
There are many talented individuals among Russian artists. Their work is highly valued all over the world and competes with such world masters as Rubens, Michelangelo, Van Gogh and Picasso. In this article, we have collected 10 of the most famous Russian artists.
Ivan Aivazovsky is one of the most famous Russian artists. He was born in Feodosia. From childhood, Aivazovsky showed his incredible creative abilities: he loved to draw and taught himself to play the violin.
At the age of 12, the young talent began to study in Simferopol at the Academy of Painting. Here he learned to copy engravings and paint from nature. A year later, he managed to enter the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy, although he had not yet reached the age of 14 years.
For a long time the artist traveled around Europe and lived in Italy, where his paintings were also recognized for their true worth. So the young artist from Feodosia became a fairly famous and rich man.
Later, Aivazovsky returned to his homeland, where he received the uniform of the Naval Ministry and the title of academician. The artist also visited Egypt and was present at the opening of the new Suez Canal. The artist described all his impressions in pictures. By this time, he had already developed his own unique style and the ability to write from memory. Aivazovsky sketched complex elements in a notebook in order to later transfer them to the canvas. The paintings "Odessa", "The Ninth Wave" and "The Black Sea" brought him worldwide fame.
The artist spent the last years of his life in Feodosia, where he built himself a house in the Italian style. A little later, Aivazovsky added a small gallery to it, so that everyone could freely enjoy his amazing paintings and drown in the ocean of colors. Today, this mansion still serves as a museum and many visitors come here every day to see with their own eyes the skill of the marine painter, who lived a long and happy life.
Viktor Vasnetsov continues the list of the most famous Russian artists. He was born in the spring of 1848 in the family of a priest in the small village of Lopyal. The craving for painting woke up in him at a very early age, but his parents could not give him a proper education due to lack of money. Therefore, at the age of 10, Victor began to study at a free theological seminary.
In 1866, with virtually no money, he left for St. Petersburg. Vasnetsov easily passed the entrance exam and entered the Academy of Arts. Here began his friendship with the famous artist Repin, with whom he later went to Paris. After returning to St. Petersburg, Vasnetsov begins to paint his most famous paintings: "Three heroes", "Snow Maiden" and "God Sabaoth".
The artist was able to fully reveal his talent only after moving to Moscow. Here he is cozy and comfortable, and each subsequent picture is better than the previous one. It was in Moscow that Vasnetsov painted such paintings as Alyonushka, Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf and Nestor the Chronicler.
This famous Russian artist was born in 1799. Karl's father was a famous painter and professor at the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts. Therefore, the fate of the boy was a foregone conclusion. Fortunately, Karl Bryullov managed to inherit the artist's talent from his father.
Studying was given to the young artist very easily. He was many times superior to the rest of the students in his class and graduated from the Academy of Arts with honors. After that, Karl went to travel around Europe, stopping for a long time only in Italy. It was here that he created his masterpiece - "The Last Day of Pompeii", having spent about six years writing it.
Upon his return to St. Petersburg, Karl Bryullov was awaited by fame and glory. They were glad to see him everywhere and certainly admired his new paintings. During this period, the artist creates several of his immortal paintings: Horsewoman, Siege of Pskov, Narcissus and others.
Ivan Shishkin is one of the most famous Russian landscape painters, who in his paintings could present any inconspicuous landscape in the most favorable light. It seems that nature itself plays on the canvases of this artist with living colors.
Ivan Shishkin was born in 1832 in Yelabuga, which today belongs to Tatarstan. The father wanted his son to eventually take the post of city official, but Ivan gravitated towards drawing. At the age of 20, he left for Moscow to study painting. After successfully graduating from the Moscow School of Arts, Shishkin entered the Imperial Academy in St. Petersburg.
Later, he traveled a long time in Europe, sketching amazing landscapes. At this time, he created the painting "View in the vicinity of Düsseldorf", which brought him great fame. After returning to Russia, Shishkin continues to create with redoubled energy. According to him, Russian nature is several hundred times superior to European landscapes.
Ivan Shishkin painted many amazing paintings in his life: “Morning in a Pine Forest”, “First Snow”, “Pine Forest” and others. Even death overtook this painter right behind the easel.
This great Russian master of landscapes was born in Lithuania, but lived all his life in Russia. Repeatedly, his Jewish origin caused him many humiliations, but did not force him to leave this country, which he idolized and praised in his paintings.
Already the first landscapes of Levitan received high marks from Perov and Savrasov, and Tretyakov himself even bought his painting “Autumn Day in Sokolniki”. But in 1879, Isaac Levitan, along with all the Jews, was expelled from Moscow. Only with the great efforts of friends and teachers he manages to return to the city.
In the 1880s, the artist painted many amazing paintings that made him very famous. These were "Pines", "Autumn" and "First Snow". But yet another humiliation forced the author to leave Moscow again and go to the Crimea. On the peninsula, the artist writes a number of amazing works and significantly improves his financial condition. This allows him to travel around Europe and get acquainted with the work of world masters. The pinnacle of Levitan's work was his painting "Above Eternal Peace".
The great Russian portrait painter Vasily Tropinin had an amazing fate. He was born in the family of serfs Count Markov in 1780 and only at the age of 47 received the right to be a free man. Even as a child, little Vasily had a penchant for drawing, but the count sent him to study as a confectioner. Later, he is still sent to the Imperial Academy, where he shows his talent in all its beauty. For his portraits "The Lacemaker" and "The Beggar Old Man" Vasily Tropinin was awarded the title of academician.
The famous Russian artist Petrov-Vodkin managed to leave behind a rich heritage in world painting. He was born in 1878 in Khvalynsk, and in his youth he was going to become a railway worker. However, fate made him a painter of world renown.
The paintings of this Russian artist were already selling well, as soon as he was 12 years old. A little later, he entered the Moscow School of Painting and instantly became one of the best students. A trip to Ukraine helped Savrasov finish college ahead of schedule and receive the title of artist.
The paintings "Stone in the Forest" and "Moscow Kremlin" made this painter an academician at the age of 24! The royal family is interested in young talent, and Tretyakov himself buys many of his works for international exhibitions. Among them were "Winter", "Rooks have arrived", "Thaw" and others.
The death of two daughters and the subsequent divorce take a toll on Savrasov. He drinks heavily and soon dies in a hospital for the poor.
Andrei Rublev is the most famous Russian icon painter. He was born in the 15th century and left behind a great legacy in the form of the icons "Trinity", "Annunciation", "Baptism of the Lord". Andrei Rublev, together with Daniil Cherny, decorated many churches with frescoes, and also painted icons for iconostases.
Our list of the most famous Russian artists is completed by Mikhail Vrubel, who during his life created many masterpieces in various subjects. He was engaged in painting the Kyiv temple, and later in Moscow he set about creating his famous series of "demonic" paintings. The creative throwing of this artist did not find proper understanding among his contemporaries. Only a few decades after the death of Mikhail Vrubel, art critics gave him his due, and the Church agreed with his interpretations of biblical events.
Unfortunately, the artist's personal life caused him to develop a severe form of mental disorders. The title of academician overtook him in a lunatic asylum, from which he was no longer destined to leave. Nevertheless, Mikhail Vrubel managed to create many amazing works of art that are worthy of genuine admiration. Among them, it is especially worth highlighting the paintings "Seated Demon", "The Swan Princess" and "Faust".
After the victory of the October Revolution, painting, however, like all other areas of art, underwent significant changes. If earlier artists were guided by their inner worldview, then after the "people's" government came to power, the ideological component came to the fore.
Artists 1917 - 1921
Immediately, after the victory of the revolution, the Soviet government took up issues of art, trying to establish a monopoly here. The Soviet government began its activities with the nationalization of collections of paintings and works of art.
In the first days of the revolution, the political poster loudly declared itself. The poster is drawn easily and quickly. It was necessary to mobilize the soldiers to the front, for this purpose the revolutionary artists used this genre of painting. Among the poster artists, the most famous were: Malyutin, Alsit, Moore, Denis. Their creations were small, with few colors used. Allegories were often used. The work of Moor is especially noticeable - “Have you signed up as a volunteer?”, “One with a bipod, seven with a spoon”, these posters are known to this day. The style of Denis V.N. is more concise. One of his most famous works is Denikin's Gang, written in 1919.
At this time, a new artistic genre appeared - the design of cities. Artists are involved in the festive decoration of cities and squares. There is a need for posters, panels. Such famous artists as Petrov-Vodkin, Lansere and others were involved in the festive decoration of cities.
In the first years of Soviet power, the development of the school of easel painting, which originated before the revolution, continued. Stereotypes are being broken. Among the masters of the fine genre, two schools are formed. One of them continued to adhere to the traditional canon, according to which the artist must accurately reflect what he saw, the second, on the contrary, preferred images. This group includes such luminaries of that time as Yuon, Petrov-Vodkin, Rylov. The work of Petrov-Vodkin "Petrograd Madonna" became epochal. Rylov's work “In the Blue Space” also stands out - although the picture does not carry a revolutionary meaning, it stands out with calmness, evokes a feeling of tranquility.
At this time, graphic art also developed. One of the most prominent representatives of the graphics of that time is Kupreyanov.
After the victory of the civil war, work appeared for sculptors. First of all, these were monuments to the fallen heroes of the civil war. One of the most striking works of that time is Tatlin's tower, which symbolized courage and determination.
An interesting trend in the art of that time is propaganda porcelain, which is one of the business cards of that era. The artist Chekhonin S.V. supervised its production. The work was carried out at the State Porcelain Factory. From the old days, a lot of products remained in the pantries. Artists painted them with Soviet symbols, changed the hallmarks to communist markings, and put revolutionary slogans on it.
Artists of the 20s
After the end of the Civil War, a new period in the development of painting begins. Although the internal enemy had already been defeated, the state was surrounded by enemies, and not everyone in the USSR was happy with the current situation. The Soviet state during this period needed to consolidate its dominance in the minds of the people. One of the methods used was art.
During these years, painting actively developed. There were various art circles and schools. This is a time of search, new beginnings, youthful enthusiasm generated by the revolution.
One of the most famous art schools of that time was the AHRR. The abbreviation stands for Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia. It originated in 1922. Its core was made up of the Wanderers. This school continued the tradition of realism. The main theme of the works of artists from this group is a description of the life and life of workers and soldiers of the Red Army. The most famous artists of AHRR: Brodsky, Malyutin, Cheptsov, Grekov, Ryazhsky, Arkhipov, Yakovlev. The most famous work - Brodsky "Lenin in Smolny". This picture was seen, perhaps, by everyone who lived in that era. It became the basis of the Leniniada. Another picture that I would like to draw attention to is Grekov's work "Tachanka". The author perfectly conveys the dynamics, prowess, steppe expanse.
OST - the society of easel painters - this group was guided by a creative search, imitated the impressionists, the themes of sports and industry are inherent in this direction. Leading figures of this school: Williams, Labas, Pimenov, Shterenberg, Deineka. Deineka's work "The Defense of Petrograd" characterizes this school.
The Four Arts is a group whose works are characterized by a philosophical background. It includes: Kuznetsov, Petrov-Vodkin, Favorsky and others.
There were also other artistic groups. At this time, national types of art developed. There are art schools in the regions of tsarist Russia, where before that there was no painting at all - the region of Central Asia.
Representatives of national schools of painting who worked during this period: Azimzade, Tansykbaev, Abilkhan, Grigoryan, Kojoyan and others.
In Ukraine, the most famous masters of this period are Carpenter, Petrytsky, Boychuk, Pavlenko.
Since the 20s, there have been changes in graphic art. If earlier it was the art of illustrating books, now it is becoming a full-fledged direction of painting. The graphics of that era are mostly small paintings on the theme of classical literature. The woodcut school is also experiencing a second life. Among the artists of this style, the works of Dobuzhinsky, Konashevich, Favorsky, Kravchenko, Kasiyan, Tychina, Andreev stand out.
Andreev was not only an excellent draftsman, but also an excellent sculptor, who became famous for a number of sculptures that reproduce Lenin. For the sculpture of that period, the main theme is the theme of revolution, heroes and leaders. At that time, besides Andreev, there were also a number of remarkable sculptors, these are: Shadr, who became famous for the sculpture “Cobblestone is the weapon of the proletariat”, he is also known for the sculptures of the leader. Among other sculptors, we note: Lebedev, Mukhina, Matveev.
Among the masters of applied art of this period, the Palekh school occupies the first place. Revolutionary plots are added to traditional fairy-tale images for this direction, closely intertwining into one whole. At this time, folk crafts generally flourished, various artels of craftsmen appeared en masse.
Artists of the 30s
This is the era of socialist realism. It was initiated by the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated April 23, 1932 “On the restructuring of literary and artistic organizations”. It put an end to cultural diversity. All unions of artists dissolved, instead of them there was one organization, the Union of Soviet Artists.
The principles of the new trend of socialist realism were best voiced by Maxim Gorky. It:
principle of the people. The main characters of the works are ordinary workers.
The principle of ideology. All works must carry a certain ideological load.
The principle of specificity. The process of development corresponding to the materialistic understanding of the surrounding reality is shown.
This is the heyday of painting, creative workers, creating in the right ideological direction, received a lot of orders. The era is characterized by a craving for monumentalism.
In addition to monumentalism, the painting of this era is filled with heroism. One of the most memorable masters of that period is B. Ioganson. His paintings imitate the technique used by Russian artists such as Surikov. But the plot is filled with heroic content, in accordance with the requirements of the era. Ioganson's manner is well displayed by the painting "Interrogation of a Communist".
Another famous master was S. Gerasimov - he paid the main attention to the theme of the peasantry. His painting "Collective Farm Holiday" is considered an epoch-making painting of this era.
A. Plastov - in his works sang of the peasantry, his paintings reflect the life of ordinary people, often against the backdrop of nature. His works are somewhat lyrical. Other famous painters of the 30s are Pimenov, Deineka, Krymov.
In accordance with the requirements of socialist realism, the landscape of the 30s is changing. At this time, landscapes were often combined with the display of historical characters. The most striking picture of this subject is the work of A. Rylov - "Lenin in Razliv".
The portrait genre at that time was most actively developed by the masters of the older generation - Konchalovsky, Nesterov, Serova. Portraits of Nesterov were valued, he knew how to accurately notice and convey the characteristic features of a person. Korin also worked in the style of Nesterov, his canvases are monumental, distinguished by clear forms. In addition to party leaders, portrait painters also showed interest in creative personalities.
The monumental painting of this era has become almost an indispensable element of architecture. Here you can highlight the painting of the restaurant of the Kazansky railway station and the Mayakovsky metro station.
Outstanding sculptors of the 30s were Mukhina, Shadr, Manizer. Monumentality also reigned here. Perhaps the most significant creation of that era is the statue "Worker and Collective Farm Woman".
In the graphic genre continued to work masters who have gained fame in the previous decade. Woodcut was popular. These were mainly illustrations for classical works. The genre of sheet engraving is being put forward, the most striking master here was Nivinsky, his favorite theme is the Leniniad, industrial development.
In the 1930s, engraving moved away from book illustration. It is replaced by lithography. Drawing in black watercolor, sometimes in charcoal. This technology was preferred for mass production. Kukryniksy, Gerasimov, Kibrik and others worked in this genre.
Soviet artists during the Second World War
Not surprisingly, during this period, the military theme becomes the main theme of the works of artists. Many artists of that era were direct participants in hostilities, some died.
The task of the artists of that period is to inspire people to a military and labor feat. In this era, the poster genre flourishes. So the famous poster of the Kukryniksy "Let's destroy the enemy" appeared on June 23, 1941. Other posters "Motherland Calls" by artist Toidze, "Warrior of the Red Army, save", etc.
Easel painting of the War era is characterized by seriality. The artist L. Soyfertis, for example, wrote 2 series "Sevastopol" and "Crimea". His work is doubly valuable due to the fact that he was a direct participant in the hostilities, making sketches between battles.
Another artist, Shmarinov, painted a number of series in charcoal and black watercolor, emphasizing the tragedy. His famous painting "Mother over the body of the murdered." Pakhomov lived and worked in besieged Leningrad, he wrote a graphic series "Leningrad in the days of the blockade".
The artists of the war period: Plastov, Deineka, Gerasimov, Yuon, Korin, Bubnov and many others left epic paintings that convey the tragedy of the era.
Although it was more difficult for sculptors to work during the war, we see works devoted to the theme of war. Mostly these are sculptural portraits of front-line heroes, military leaders. During the war they worked: Mukhina, Tomsky, Nikoladze, Pershudchev.
At the end of hostilities, the era of monumental monuments begins, designed to perpetuate the feat of the Soviet people.
Applied painting was also devoted to the military theme. In the work of the masters of Palekh, we see the plots of fairy-tale battles.
Post-war artists
In the first post-war years, all efforts were aimed at restoring the economy and glorifying the feat of the Soviet people during the war. Among the paintings of a battle character, we single out such great canvases as "Rest after the battle" by the artist Neprintsev. "Letter from the front" - Laktionova. These are pictures with a touch of lyrics, exploring the war as a historical phenomenon.
At this time, many works were also devoted to the history of the revolution. Among the significant canvases of that time, we single out the work of a group of authors “Lenin's Speech at the 3rd Congress of the Komsomol”. Serov's painting "Walkers near Lenin", which became the second classic painting from the Leniniad series. Melikhov's painting “Young Taras Shevchenko at Bryullov's” attracts attention; historical details are carefully worked out in this canvas.
There are pictures of purely peaceful works. Tired of war hard times, artists write works dedicated to peaceful labor, for example, the painting “Bread”, painted by Yablonskaya. It displays simple rural labor. Similar in content is Plastov's painting "At the Collective Farm Current". Another Soviet artist, Chuikov, describes the nature of Kyrgyzstan in the paintings "Morning", "The Shepherd's Daughter", etc. The paintings of the Latvian artists Kalynysh and Osis, dedicated to fishing work, draw attention.
The transition from military to peaceful themes caused the growth of paintings in the landscape genre, mainly these were paintings of a lyrical direction. The artist Gerasimov painted a cycle of paintings dedicated to the landscape near Moscow. Meshkov painted a series of paintings about the beauties of the Urals. They show the majestic beauty of Siberian nature. If previous authors showed the beauty of wild nature, then G. Nyssky, on the contrary, in his works reflected a relatively new direction of the genre, nature transformed by man. His paintings are characterized by dynamics, monumentalism, contrast. Korin, who was creating at that time, continued his favorite genre - a portrait, he painted a number of portraits of creative people.
In the post-war years, satirical graphics developed. The most famous artist of this era was B. Prorokov. During this time, he wrote a number of works criticizing American capitalism. Kukryniksy, Soyfertis and others work on the same topic.
Sculpture of the post-war years is devoted to the theme of war. These are monumental sculptures that appear in every city and village, dedicated to the fallen heroes. At this time worked: Tomsky, Chernyakhovsky, Vuchetich, Mikenas.
Soviet artists 1960 - 1980
In the 1960s, during the "thaw", artists made an attempt to free themselves from clichés, to display reality closer to reality. New shoots in art tried to rely on the art schools of the 1920s. The art school of this period was called the "severe style" for its directness, uncompromisingness, and emphasized drama. This style was not the only one, socialist realism remained, some artists tried to imitate impressionism.
The Smolin brothers were prominent representatives of the "severe style". Their most famous paintings are "Strike", "Polar explorers". In them, the labor feat is depicted without pomposity, as everyday routine. Another well-known artist who adhered to the "severe style" P. Nikonov. His most famous paintings - "Our everyday life", "Geologists" describe the everyday life of Soviet workers. Other famous artists of the "severe style": Korzhev, Andronov, Popkov, V. Ivanov, Gavrilov, Tkachev, Moiseenko, Zhilinsky.
Among the national artists at that time, the most notable were: Salakhov, Narimanbekov, Klychev, Tordia, Greku, Zarin, Iltner, Berzin, Subbi, Savickas and others.
In the Ukrainian SSR, the work of T. Yablonskaya is noticeable, which departs from impressionism and turns to folk motifs.
1960-1980 years of grandiose construction. Cities were restored after the war, new districts were built up, so that the genre of monumental painting was extremely widespread at that time.
The main theme of the sculpture is the memory of the heroes and victims of the Second World War. A monument-ensemble and a memorial "reigned" here. The brightest creations in this genre are "Mamaev Kurgan", "Nevsky Piglet", "Khatyn".
Famous sculptors of this time: Sokolova, Pologova, Shakhovskoy, Zhilinskaya, Mitlyansky, Komov, Chernov.
In the 1960s and subsequent years, printmaking, graphics, and linocut were widely used. Artists created in these genres: Zakharov, Golitsyn, Borodin, Ilyina, Makunaite, Rzakuliev.
As you can see, it was a great era that gave us many unsurpassed masters. Paintings of the Soviet period have taken their rightful place in many collections.
