Life analyzed the methodological recommendations for teachers prepared by the Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements (FIPI) based on typical mistakes of 2016 Unified State Exam participants, and identified 5 problems for graduates taking exams in social studies.
As it turned out, the results of this Unified State Exam in 2016 are comparable to 2015: 17.6% of children were unable to achieve the minimum score, the number of graduates who received more than 80 points decreased by 0.7%, and only 59 people scored 100 points (in 2015 There were more hundred-pointers - 80 people).
Guys confuse the concepts of "demand" and "supply"
And they also don’t know the factors that influence the increase and decrease of these categories
Example task:
The graph shows the change in the supply of fresh vegetables in the consumer market: the supply curve has moved from position
S to positionS1.
(On the graph: P - price of goods; Q - quantity of goods).
Which of the following factors could cause this change?
1. Bad harvest.
2. Decrease in consumer income.
3. Increase in energy tariffs.
4. Increase in prices for fruits.
5. The onset of the heating season.
Correct answer: 1 - poor harvest; 3 - increase in energy tariffs.
According to experts, sometimes students and teachers deliberately ignore this type of task when preparing for the Unified State Exam.
FIPI specialists proposed an algorithm for performing the following tasks:
The student needs to carefully read the terms of the task and understand what we are talking about (about a change in “demand” or “supply”), because sometimes it is inattention that entails incorrect completion of the task.
Afterwards you need to determine what happened - “increase” or “decrease”.
And in the end, before giving your answer, you should analyze all the proposed options, correlating them with changes in a particular category.
Due to ignorance of terminology, schoolchildren cannot solve a task where they need to choose a word or phrase
Such problems often arise due to inattention and unwillingness to double-check yourself
One of the key problems with doing this type of assignment incorrectly is that graduates do not read the assignment requirements carefully enough. A typical mistake made by participants is writing down a word or phrase that was used in the task condition. The average completion rate is 67%.
Example task:
Write down the word missing in the table.
Correct answer: specificity.
In order to correctly complete this type of task, the student needs to determine what the answer should be - in one “word” or “phrase”. Next, you need to identify the area of knowledge from which you need to find this concept (experts advise paying attention to the name of the table and columns).
Afterwards, analyze the completed row of the table and then try to identify the characteristic of the term in the problem statement.
If you needed to write down a “word”, but it turned out to be a “phrase”, you should remember what synonyms are.
The problem of choosing a generalizing word or phrase
The main problem is that the participants do not understand the requirements: the answer must indicate the word (phrase) proposed in the task
This type of task was not completed by 53% of participants who did not pass the minimum score.
Example task:
In the row below, find a concept that is generalizing for all other concepts. Write this word down.
Subsystem, institution, society, group, personality.
Correct answer: society.
Experts ask students to draw their attention to the need to write down the required word or phrase exactly in the form in which it is written in the task.
Graduates have little understanding of the characteristics of the state
To complete the task, you not only need to know the theory, but also understand what a “generic concept” means.
Only a third of the graduates completed this task correctly.
Example task:
Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the characteristics of a state of any type. Find two terms that do not correspond to the general row of words and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1. Sovereignty.
2. Monopoly on the legal use of force.
3. Setting prices for goods.
4. Comprehensive control over the lives of citizens.
5. The right to collect taxes and fees from the population.
6. The right to create generally binding legal norms.
Correct answer: 4 - comprehensive control over the lives of citizens; 3 - setting prices for goods.
When performing such a task, it is necessary to understand the meaning of a generic concept - this is a type of term that completely includes the amount of information of the others.
Plan for a mini-essay on social studies:
1. First you need to explain the statement (at least five sentences).
2. After this, the student should express his agreement with it and write down in one sentence how it is justified.
3. After this, the participant gives the first argument and example in defense of his position.
4. Then writes the second argument, as well as an example to support it.
5. Ends the mini-essay with a conclusion.
What is an argument?
This is the participant’s thought that proves that he is right: the answer to the question of why he agrees with the statement.
What is an example?
As an example, the participant can cite a case from life (can be real or fictitious. - Note Life), history and literature. The example needs to be written in detail. It is best if it is from history, literature, geography or the media.
The Unified State Examination in social studies is the most popular elective exam after the mandatory Unified State Examination in mathematics and the Russian language. According to previous years, social studies was chosen by more than half of graduates, and in 2013, 69.3% passed it! And at the same time, this is one of the most difficult exams. This year, 5.3% of graduates failed the Unified State Examination in social studies, which is about 25 thousand people! What is the reason for this failure?
There is a common misconception among graduates that social studies is one of the easiest subjects. Many of them are sure that they can “talk something out” about him. This is the first trap of social studies. Students rely on their experience of giving oral answers in class, where you can really say a lot, and the teacher himself will extract the correct answer from what has been said. On the Unified State Exam, where even the detailed answers to Part C consist of only a few sentences, it is impossible to “talk”, but you need to give clear answers.
And here we have the second trap of social studies: knowledge of terminology and ability to operate with it. If terminology can be learned, then the ability to operate with it requires logical thinking skills: the ability to compare and analyze. This means that the Unified State Examination in social studies, more than any other exam, involves not simply reproducing memorized material, but “dissecting” it, which is much more difficult.
The Unified State Examination in social studies is a real integral exam: it includes five topics related to different sciences: economics, law, philosophy, sociology and political science. Each science has its own conceptual apparatus: terminology, approaches to assessment and analysis. This is the third trap - the student needs to master all the terminology and logic of each of the five sciences. The difficulty of the Unified State Exam in social studies is that, unlike, for example, mathematics, where geometric problems occupy a clear place in the structure of the exam, a comparison question can be either in the topic of economics or sociology. Consequently, the student must, first of all, determine what discipline he is dealing with, and then “turn on” the necessary conceptual apparatus.
The Unified State Exam in social studies is taken for many specialties - economics, law, public administration, architecture, customs, logistics and other specialties in the humanitarian and socio-economic fields.
When preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies, it is difficult to avoid the fourth trap: numerous textbooks and manuals. Some of them, unfortunately, are not always conscientious and can do a bad job. It is best to take two basic textbooks as a basis - Kravchenko and Bogolyubov, which are used in most schools. However, it must be borne in mind that schools can use textbooks from different years, and FIPI in its developments of the Unified State Exam relies on the latest editions.
The fifth trap of the Unified State Examination is insufficient hours, which is assigned to this subject in school. This is due, first of all, to the paradoxes of the development of Russian education. As the Unified State Examination in social studies improves, it becomes more complicated, and at this time the school is moving away from the specialized study of this subject. And this despite the fact that it is in demand in more than 30% of humanitarian universities. Today, social studies in the school curriculum exists only as a basic subject, which is given only one hour a week.
How to avoid pitfalls and turn them into advantages when preparing?
Here are five specific tips that Maxim Sigal, head of the teaching department at the MAXIMUM training center for preparing for the Unified State Exam, gives to eleventh graders:
"Don't underestimate this exam. Many students treat social studies as something very simple, where you can barely prepare and just give answers according to logic - this is definitely not true!"
First trap: When choosing this subject, objectively evaluate your knowledge. Treat social studies like an exact science.
Second trap: learn terminology and train to think logically. All types of tasks are described in FIPI materials. Look for answers to questions, find out what exactly is required in a given answer and how each answer is scored. In the detailed assignments, specify how much you need to write to answer each question.
Third trap: learn to distinguish the terminology of each of the five disciplines included in the Unified State Exam in social studies. When answering, the first thing to do is to identify the discipline you will be dealing with.
Fourth trap: Choose textbooks for preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies with caution: a number of them use unused terminology and concepts. Take into account the changes that were made to the Unified State Exam 2014 compared to 2013, namely:
Fifth trap: an insufficient number of hours can be compensated for by only one thing - additional preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies in correctly and timely chosen courses.
Many parents will be horrified after reading this material. It is so difficult and requires time and dedication to prepare! But should we be afraid, because we all want to teach our children the ability to reason independently and think logically. Often accusations are made against the Unified State Exam: this exam format, they say, “dumbs” children, forcing teachers to “train” them for the exam instead of imparting knowledge. We don't like it, do we? So we should be glad that with the Unified State Exam in social studies the opposite is true - in the process of preparing for it, children learn to think and use the knowledge they have acquired. Isn't this what most parents strive for?
Discussion
If the state textbooks of Bogolyubov and Kravchenko are bad, then the tests compiled on the basis of these textbooks will also always be bad. This is the main problem when passing the Unified State Exam in social studies. The only way out is to change basic textbooks, change social studies standards and change tests. I advise you to use my textbook - Valery Starikov “Interesting Social Science”, which is published on Russian and English Wikipedia:
[link-1]
Useless information, a lot of water, thanks for your time
21.11.2017 18:08:06, JonikNE@03/22/2016 22:47:59, Ashati
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Many students consider the Unified State Exam in Social Studies to be quite easy. On the one hand, we can agree with them: half of the questions in the Unified State Exam on this subject can be answered correctly using your ordinary everyday knowledge. But the correct answer to the other half of the tasks can only be given if a person has a good command of the material and knows how to correctly formulate his thoughts. This is where the problem arises: the Unified State Exam in social studies covers a huge amount of material and requires clarity and clarity of presentation (in the same essay, for example). This raises two questions: How can you quickly and well remember the necessary information and how to express your thoughts competently?
In order to quickly and efficiently prepare for the Unified State Exam (for 85-95 points), some topics need to be crammed, and all others need to be understood correctly. Knowledge of terms and definitions will allow you to make your thoughts clear and correctly build a logical chain. So, it’s time to explain to you, dear reader, how best to prepare for the Unified State Exam. Let me make a reservation right away that for successful preparation you need to allocate an hour of your time daily to social studies for two to three months. And now - to the point!
In the first two weeks you need to go through the sections “Society” and “Spiritual Life of Society”. Pay special attention to the topics “Media”, “Social institutions”, “Science”, “Art, its forms, main directions”. These are exactly the topics that are best to learn, the topics that will be especially useful to you in Part C. Read everything else carefully and try to explain it to other people: friends, classmates, parents. I recommend making plans (task C8) on the topics “Processes of globalization and the formation of a united humanity”, “Culture and spiritual life”. By the way, throughout your preparation it is recommended to take thematic tests after each section. I would call the manual by O. V. Kishenkova “Thematic training tests” very good for this. Social Studies 2013".
Dedicate the next two weeks to the sections “Cognition” (it is recommended to cram this section: there is a lot of important information there), “Social Relations”, “Human Being”. Pay special attention to the topics “Social status and role”, “Deviant behavior, its forms and manifestations”, “Human thinking and activity”, “Family and marriage as social institutions”, “Behaviour”. These topics are the most important. Take tests on these sections, write about 10-15 essays on these topics. Remember that all this will help you when directly passing the Unified State Exam. Read and cram the material until you score the maximum for “A”, “B” part, that is, until you solve all the tasks correctly. By the way, by spending only an hour of your time a day, you will soon achieve success!
The remaining sections “Politics”, “Law”, “Economics” require very careful analysis and assimilation. They need at least three weeks. Almost all the topics in these sections are important. A lot of them will be needed when solving part “B”. Pay special attention to the topics “State apparatus and electoral systems”, “Local self-government”, “Rule of Law”, “Consumer and Producer Economy”, “Economic Systems”, “State Budget”, “Unemployment”, “Public and Private Law” , “The Federation and its subjects.”
Let me emphasize once again: you need to pay close attention to the last three sections and learn everything carefully. Knowledge of these sections is necessary if you intend to score more than 70 points on the Unified State Exam.
Yes, but not in all subjects. Exact sciences require additional attention; much depends on the child’s preparation at the time of entering the 10th grade.
“Some mathematics teachers immediately say: “I’m not going to prepare you for the profile.” I need you to know the program and get your certificates.” With this phrase they put a wall between the 11th grade program and the profile-level Unified State Examination tasks. Although only the last three tasks require an in-depth program,” says a mathematics teacher with 35 years of experience and tutor Tatyana Novikova.
If the student wishes, anything is possible.
“For a score greater than 80, chemistry classes at school are not enough. At a minimum, you need to practice on your own at home. If chemistry is not your major subject and you have a good teacher, then such preparation will be enough for an average result, but not for admission to the budget in Moscow,” shares his opinion Alexander Pavlov, student of the Faculty of Biology and Chemistry.
Photo by Natalia Malykhina
There are courses offered by universities themselves. These classes prepare you for passing all the main subjects. The price is cheaper than a tutor, but in a study group the child’s attention may be distracted, and then the information will not be absorbed properly.
“I prepared very carefully for passing chemistry: I took preparatory courses at the university and studied additionally myself. Now I'm studying here. The courses had an expanded program: they explained to us nuances that are simply not included in the program at school. For those who are going to continue working with chemistry, it is necessary to know such nuances,” shares Alexander Pavlov.
The task is difficult, but doable. For example, people prepare for the literature test only at home. Much depends on the student’s self-control.
“The social studies exam was the only one for which I prepared myself. As a result, I scored 80 points. This was enough to enter the University of Economics in St. Petersburg on a budget, says Anna Avanesova, student at St. Petersburg State Economic University. – This method is not suitable for everyone. You need to answer yourself honestly: can I study on my own?”
Photo by Natalia Malykhina
Senior students are also tutored. There is knowledge, but no experience. Therefore, the price for their classes is noticeably lower than that of experienced teachers. But it is often easier for schoolchildren to find a common language with young people than with old-school teachers.
“Since last year, I have been rehearsing children for the Unified State Exam and Unified State Exam in social studies. I try to bring theoretical material closer to real life. I don’t take examples from distant history or invented states. I show you what happened just the other day. These examples must be vivid so that the student remembers them well,” says Anna Avanesova.
Everything here depends on the personality of the teacher. Most teachers understand that in high school almost everyone has tutors, and this does not mean that school is not needed at all.
“I have students who study with tutors. But I’m not one of those teachers who turns away from children if they study outside of school. If this is a general education class, where there are few hours in physics, then the student needs a tutor,” admits Evgenia Shcherbakova, Physics teacher.
Photo from personal archive
It is important that the child is interested in studying a topic and wants to understand it himself.
“At a certain point, the student begins to ask for tasks much more difficult than those in the Unified State Exam. So it was with Seryozha Yudin (Evgenia’s student, 100-point student – editor’s note). He reached the level when I began to select problems for him for university Olympiads. He didn't need to be forced. If something didn’t work out, I gave a hint. He always came to the final answer himself,” says Evgenia Shcherbakova.
Everything again depends on the subject and the desire of the student. The humanities are easier to study, but the exact sciences will be difficult to master without the help of tutors.
“To prepare well for the Russian exam, you need to study well from the 5th grade. In the 10th and 11th grades there is only one hour of Russian language per week. This is very little if the child does not have a good knowledge base,” believes Irina Golubeva, teacher of Russian language and literature.
Photo by Natalia Malykhina
It's real, but difficult. 100 points on the Unified State Exam is a combination of the student’s great desire, the parents’ ability to afford courses or a tutor, and the knowledge base with which the student begins classes. What kind of preparation - such a result.
“If you’ve spent enough time preparing, you’ll come to the exam and get your excellent result,” he believes Anna Avanesova, student and social studies tutor.
Natalia Malykhina
Each of them answered the questions in the proposed questionnaire from KP, which contains the answer to the main question of future generations - what to do to pass the Unified State Exam with 100 marks? Today's heroes are Dmitry Khodosov from school No. 33 and his history and social studies teacher.
“SITT AT THE FIRST DESK”
Dmitry KHODOSOV, passed English and social studies with 100 points:
- When did you start preparing for the Unified State Exam? In what class?
I didn’t really prepare for English. I just studied hard since the sixth grade. My grandmother was an English teacher and I loved learning it. I always got excellent grades at school and took part in competitions. Moreover, I don’t need it for admission. I handed it over for myself, to put an end to it.
I was preparing for social studies from the beginning of 11th grade. There were no tutors - I studied myself using a preparatory manual. The book helped.
- What, in your opinion, is the most difficult thing in the Unified State Exam??
In English, the most difficult task is to write a letter to a friend and an essay on the topic: “What is more important in work: talent or perseverance with hard work.” I didn’t know the criteria for evaluating, I wrote as the teacher taught me. And in social studies, essays were not easy to write. I got it about non-productive resources. In our world, the role of information and knowledge, connections and communication is increasing. I wrote about this. But I knew this material well, so I wrote it.
- What do you need to do to pass the Unified State Exam with 100 points?
The main thing is a great desire. It is important to believe in yourself and rely on your strength. I studied, but did not cram, like some, for five hours every day. I worked out as much as I needed. I taught social studies at home three hours a week. That was enough. Initially, I wanted and knew that I would write for 100 points. I also wanted to score 100 in the Russian language, but it didn’t work out - I scored 82 points.
- Was it possible to write off when taking the Unified State Exam?
They peed and went to the toilet. And the inspector saw and knew this and even discussed it: “Here, he’ll go into the toilet, look, remember something and write it down. Then he’ll look again.” And so on several times. The student must be allowed to go to the toilet. And what is he doing there... I also saw cheat sheets from the guys. But also in the toilet. No one cheated in the class. And me even more so. After all, I sat at the first desk for three exams. How do you write this down?
Or IKBFU named after Kant on economics. Or in St. Petersburg at the Faculty of Economics. Or higher school of economics - my third option. I have already applied to all universities. Now I’m thinking: stay here, or go to St. Petersburg.
“THE QUESTIONS ARE NOT COMPOSED CORRECTLY”
Elena Mikhailovna FURSA, history and social studies teacher:
- Describe the 100-point student.
I've been teaching Dima since the fifth grade. He is hardworking, capable, purposeful. But there was a moment when he abandoned the story. I didn't understand what was going on. He studied excellently, and then... In the 11th grade, he began to pay more attention to social studies. I realized that he had made up his mind and went his own way. I studied a lot, took tests.
- Do you have your own observations of which students can pass the Unified State Exam with 100 points?
I immediately see those who can pass with 90-100 points. These are students who try to complete all assignments on their own, and not cheat, as often happens with high school students. I'm not a strict teacher. If children look on the Internet, check something, check something, I allow it. Let them watch it again and remember it better! You need to be able to use more than just a textbook.
Will the fact that your student passed the Unified State Exam with 100 points be reflected in the school's rating? Do you hope to receive a prize for this? How did other school graduates pass the Unified State Exam in your subject?
I don’t know how much our results will be appreciated by the city education committee. But I suppose they should note it. If I were there, I would appreciate it. In total, we have 75 graduates at our school. 51 of them took social studies. They did well. 98, 95, 93 points... Our class is very strong. We have 4 medalists. Of the 25 students, 11 finished with 4 and 5 points. I am pleased.
Prize? I haven't thought about it, and I don't expect to get it. I don't think they will.
- What would you change in the Unified State Examination system?
Some questions are not written entirely correctly. They can be interpreted ambiguously. There was a question: “In a modern market economy, small firms dominate. Yes or no?". How to answer? The question does not specify whether we are talking about our country or the world in general! In Russia they dominate. And the world is dominated by large companies and enterprises.
- Have you encountered cases of cheating on the Unified State Exam?
All the years of the Unified State Exam in the Kaliningrad region, I was the organizer in the audience. I didn’t see the guys cheating, I didn’t see them use cell phones. There is no rustling of papers in the office. But this is in class. I don’t know what the attendants on duty see in the corridors and near the toilets.
