In his novel, Pushkin puts at the forefront the issues of honor and morality, which at that time were among the most important and most difficult.
Honor occupies the first place among moral symbols. One can go through many troubles and hardships, but, probably, not a single people on earth will come to terms with the decay of morality. The loss of honor is the fall of moral principles, which is always followed by punishment. The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. The heroes of Pushkin's novel have a different understanding of honor.
The protagonist of the story, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, is brought up from childhood in an atmosphere of high worldly morality. Grinev, as it were, combined the kind, loving heart of his mother with honesty, directness, courage - qualities that are inherent in his father. Andrei Petrovich Grinev has a negative attitude towards easy, but dishonorable ways to make a career at court. That is why he did not want to send his son Petrusha to serve in St. Petersburg, in the guards: “What can he learn while serving in St. Petersburg? let him sniff gunpowder, let there be a soldier, not a shamaton. In parting words to his son, Grinev especially emphasizes the need for honor: "Serve faithfully to whom you swear, obey your superiors; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service; do not dissuade yourself from service and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age." This parting word from his father remains with Grinev for life and helps Petrusha not to stray from the right path. From childhood, Grinev has been greatly influenced by his faithful servant, but at the same time, his friend, Savelich. Savelich considers it his duty to serve Petrusha and be devoted to him from beginning to end. His devotion to his masters is far from being a slave. In childhood, Petrusha Savelyich not only teaches him to write and judge the merits of a greyhound dog, but he also gives Grinev important advice that helped Petrush Grinev in the future. With such words, for example, the old servant of his ward Pyotr Grinev brings up, who got drunk for the first time and behaved unsightly: "It seems that neither father nor grandfather were drunkards; there is nothing to say about mother ... ". So, Grinev’s father and his faithful servant Savelich, brought up in Peter from childhood a nobleman who did not consider it possible for himself to change his oath and go over to the side of enemies, for his own good. situation, Savelich tried to persuade him to evade the calculation. But nobility prevailed. It would seem such a trifle, but it is with such trifles that everything begins. A man of honor is always kind and disinterested in dealing with others. Pyotr Grinev, despite Savelich's dissatisfaction, thanked the tramp for his service by giving him a hare sheepskin coat. This act saved both of their lives in the future. This episode, as it were, says that fate itself preserves a person who lives by honor.
Honor for the Grinevs is human dignity, an alloy of conscience and a person’s inner conviction that he is right.
The leader of the peasant uprising, Pugachev, also has his own idea of honor. He can brutally deal with those who refuse to swear allegiance to him, he is cruel and ruthless. However, he responds to mercy with mercy. Grinev gives the leader a hare sheepskin coat out of mercy, not counting on a reward.
In response, Pugachev graciously spares his life and arranges his fate. The award significantly exceeds the service rendered by Grinev. But Pugachev lives by the rule - "Execute so execute, pardon so pardon." He, like an eagle from a Kalmyk fairy tale, is ready to live not for long, but brightly. His honor is peculiar, but he does not change his idea of human dignity.
The concept of honor and duty for the Mironovs does not go beyond the charter, but you can always rely on such people. They are right in a way. Mironov is characterized by a sense of loyalty to duty, word, oath. He is not capable of treason and betrayal for the sake of his own well-being - he will accept death, but he will not change, he will not back down from the performance of his service. His courage, fidelity to duty and oath, his moral value and deep humanity are features of a true Russian character. Vasilisa Yegorovna was of the same opinion as her husband. She saw her life task in always being close to her husband. Until the last moment of her husband's life, she remained with him and died, because after his death she was no longer afraid of anything and could call Pugachev "a fugitive convict." Masha Mironova also saw women's honor in devotion to a loved one. She maintains this devotion both when Shvabrin torments her, and when Petrusha falls into disfavor. Loyalty, kindness, sincerity, inner purity - these are the main features inherent in women in Pushkin's novel and made them real heroines.
There is only one hero in the novel who does not have any idea of honor - Shvabrin. Moreover, he is dishonest in everything - both in private life and in public affairs. Pushkin believes that a man who can offend a woman cannot be a real nobleman and officer.
He violates the laws of honor, human dignity, even when he slanders Masha in front of Grinev; and then, when during a duel he wounds a defenseless opponent; and then, when he swears allegiance to Pugachev, of course, not believing in his royal origin; and then, when he forces Masha to become his wife; and then, when he betrays Pugachev the truth about her origin; and, finally, when Grinev is slandered in prison. This person cannot have any traits that justify him, make him understandable. Violation of the laws of honor for Pushkin was a terrible sin.
Shvabrin is the exact opposite of Grinev. He is a selfish and ungrateful person. For the sake of his personal goals, Shvabrin is ready to commit any dishonorable act. It shows up in everything. Even during a duel, he did not hesitate to take advantage of a dishonorable situation to strike. The duel almost ended with the death of Grinev due to the meanness of Shvabrin, if not for Savelich. When Savelyich found out about Grinev's duel with Shvabrin, he rushed to the place of the duel with the intention of protecting his master. "God sees, I ran to shield you with my chest from the sword of Alexei Ivanovich." However, Grinev not only did not thank the old man, but also accused him of denouncing his parents. Although, having recovered, Grinev found out that it was Shvabrin who had once been his best friend, wrote a denunciation of him to Grinev, the father. above Shvabrin.
The baseness of the soul, envy and meanness turn this person into a tyrant, scoundrel and traitor. Life pays him his due, a well-deserved punishment for all his vile, dishonorable deeds: he, like Pugachev, is arrested, accused of treason and sentenced to death.
What is the meaning of the title epigraph of the novel "Take care of honor from a young age"? Namely, that a person must remain a person in any circumstances, no matter what, remain faithful to his moral principles and principles, defend them, and act fairly towards other people. Only a truthful, kind-hearted, disinterested, sympathetic and courageous person has the right to bear this proud title. Humanity is the manifestation of all the best qualities both in relation to oneself and in relation to other people. For the male heroes in this novel (Andrey and Peter Grinev, Captain Mironov), the concept of honor is also associated with military duty, loyalty and protection of their native land, their state, and service to the empress. For women (Vasilisa Yegorovna, Masha Mironova) - with loyalty to a loved one, sincerity of feelings and inner moral purity.
It was these qualities in the heroes that turned out to be stronger than their opposite evil, deceit, meanness, so good could win. The main characters were able to arrange and defend their own happiness. This served as a reward for their courage, the ability to endure all the difficult trials of fate, to overcome dangers and their own character.
the problem of honor and duty in the story The Captain's Daughter
Honor cannot be taken away, it can be lost. (A.P. Chekhov)
In the late twenties and early thirties, A. S. Pushkin turned to the study of Russian history. He is interested in great personalities, their role in the formation of the state, as well as the question of who or what drives history: the masses or the individual. This is what makes the writer turn to the actual topic of peasant uprisings. The result of his labors were the works - "The History of Pugachev", "The Captain's Daughter", Dubrovsky, "The Bronze Horseman". The historical story "The Captain's Daughter" was written by A. S. Pushkin in 1833-1836. The plot is based on a cruel clash of two opposite worlds: the world of the nobility and the world of peasants, led by Emelyan Pugachev. Against the backdrop of these events, the story is about the love of the young nobleman Pyotr Andreevich Grinev for the daughter of the commandant of the Belogorsk fortress, Masha Mironova. The central problem of the work is the problem of honor and duty, as evidenced by the epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age", which, as we will see later, will everywhere determine the life of the protagonist. The first time Grinev acted honorably, returning the card debt, although Savelich tried to dissuade him from such a step. But the innate nobility of the nobleman prevailed here too. A man of honor, Pyotr Andreevich is always kind and disinterested. He can easily deliver a hare sheepskin coat from his shoulder to some vagabond with a thievish appearance. As it turns out later, this act saved him and his servant's life. Here Pushkin carries out the idea that true good will never remain unappreciated; it is much easier for kind and honest people to exist than for evil and mercenary people. The arrival at the Belogorsk fortress was also marked by many changes in the outlook of Peter Andreevich. Here he meets Masha Mironova, here a tender feeling flares up between them. Grinev acted like a true officer and nobleman, standing up for the honor of his beloved girl and challenging Shvabrin to a duel. The image of Shvabrin is directly opposite to the image of Grinev. According to his position, he belongs to the guards officers. A brilliantly educated man of the world, however, very unprincipled by nature. We know little about his past: his career was broken as a result of the "murder", there are no hopes of returning to St. Petersburg. Shvabrin joined the uprising solely for his own benefit, because otherwise the gallows would have awaited him. Having sacrificed his noble honor in this way, Shvabrin joined the ranks of the rebels, although the goals of the uprising were absolutely alien to him. During the rebellion itself, the moral qualities of all its participants were especially clearly manifested. What is the true heroism of Captain Mironov and his wife, who preferred death to serving the impostor. They fulfilled their duty to the end. Pyotr Andreevich did the same, which caused respect from Pugachev. Gradually revealing the image of the leader of the peasant uprising, Pushkin makes us understand that Pugachev is not alien to the concepts of honor and duty. He was able to appreciate these qualities in Grinev and did him good in everything. Exclusively through the efforts of Pugachev, Petr Andreevich and Masha found each other. Subsequently, even Grinev himself was able to see and appreciate in the rebel and impostor a man of honor, who also has a sense of duty. This is the main difference between Grinev the son and the old man Grinev, for whom the honor and duty of an officer nobleman were most important. Grinev Jr. managed to expand these concepts to their universal meaning and did not refuse humanity to such a seemingly alien person as Pugachev. Friendship with the leader of the peasant uprising should have had the most negative effect on the fate of the hero. And indeed, we see how he is arrested on a denunciation and are already preparing to be sent to the scaffold after Pugachev.
Before you is an essay on the topic "Take care of honor from a young age." This is an essay-reasoning based on the work "The Captain's Daughter" by Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. The essay explores the character of Grinev.
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And now - to business.
I believe that honor occupies the first place in the series of moral symbols. You can survive the collapse of the economy, you can come to terms, although it is very difficult, with the collapse of the state, you can finally endure even parting with the dearest people and with the Motherland, but not a single people on earth will ever come to terms with the decay of morality. In human society, dishonorable people have always been treated with contempt.
The loss of honor is a fall in moral foundations, followed by an inevitable punishment: entire states disappear from the map of the earth, peoples disappear into the black hole of history, individuals die.
Russian writers have always addressed the issue of honor in their works. We can say that this problem was and is one of the central ones in Russian literature.
The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. On the example of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" clearly shows how this happens in life and what results it leads to.
The protagonist of the story, Pyotr Andreevich Grinev, was brought up from childhood in an atmosphere of high worldly morality. He had someone to take an example from. Pushkin, through the mouth of Savelich, on the first pages of the story, acquaints readers with the moral principles of the Grinev family: “It seems that neither father nor grandfather were drunkards; there’s nothing to say about mother ... ”The old servant of his ward Pyotr Grinev brings up with these words, who for the first time got drunk and behaved unsightly.
The first time Pyotr Grinev acted honorably, returning the card debt, although in that situation Savelich tried to persuade him to evade the calculation. But nobility prevailed.
A man of honor, in my opinion, is always kind and disinterested in dealing with others. For example, Pyotr Grinev, despite Savelich's displeasure, thanked the tramp for his service by presenting him with a hare sheepskin coat. His act in the future saved both of their lives. This episode, as it were, says that fate itself preserves a person who lives by honor. But, of course, it's not about fate, but simply on earth there are more people who remember good than evil, which means that a noble person has more chances for worldly happiness.
Moral trials awaited Grinev in the fortress where he served. Officer Shvabrin interferes with Grinev's love for Masha Mironova, weaves intrigues. In the end, it comes down to a duel. Shvabrin is the exact opposite of Grinev. He is a selfish and ignoble person. It shows up in everything. Even during a duel, he did not hesitate to take advantage of a dishonorable situation to strike. Fate in the future will also present him with an account for his position in life, but completely different from Grinev. Shvabrin will join Pugachev, and he will be condemned as an officer who betrayed his oath. Using the example of Shvabrin, the author wants to show that external culture has little effect on the formation of a person's character. After all, Shvabrin was more educated than Grinev. Read French novels and poetry. He was a smart conversationalist. He even addicted Grinev to reading. Apparently, the family in which a person was brought up is of decisive importance.
During the Pugachev rebellion, the moral qualities of some heroes of the story and the baseness of the feelings of others were especially clearly manifested. We learned that Captain Mironov and his wife preferred death, but did not surrender to the mercy of the rebels. Pyotr Grinev did the same, but was pardoned by Pugachev. It seems to me that the author made it clear to the reader that Pugachev showed generosity towards the young officer not only out of a sense of gratitude for the old service. He equally, it seemed to me, appreciated the man of honor in Grinev. The leader of the popular uprising himself set noble goals for himself, therefore he was not alien to the concepts of honor. Moreover, thanks to Pugachev, Grinev and Masha found each other forever.
Here, too, Shvabrin was powerless in carrying out his selfish plans. Pugachev not only did not support Shvabrin, but also clearly let him know that he was dishonest and therefore Grinev was not a competitor.
Morality Grinev influenced even Pugachev himself. The ataman told the officer a fairy tale he had heard from an old Kalmyk woman, in which it was said that it is better to drink fresh blood once than to eat carrion for three hundred years. Of course, the fairy eagle and the raven were arguing at the moment, solving a purely human problem. Pugachev clearly preferred the blood-feeding eagle. But Grinev boldly answered the ataman: “Intricate ... But to live by murder and robbery means, for me, to peck at carrion.” Pugachev, after such an answer by Grinev, plunged into deep thought. So, in the depths of his soul, Pugachev had noble roots.
Interesting ending to the story. It would seem that the connection with the rebellious ataman would be fatal for Grinev. He is indeed arrested on a denunciation. He faces the death penalty, but Grinev decides for reasons of honor not to name his beloved. If he had told the whole truth about Masha, for the sake of whose salvation he, in fact, found himself in such a situation, then he would certainly have been acquitted. But at the very last moment, justice prevailed. Masha herself asks for a pardon for Grinev to a lady close to the Empress. The lady takes the poor girl at her word. This fact suggests that in a society where the majority of people live in honor, justice is always easier to prevail. The lady turns out to be the Empress herself, and the fate of her beloved Masha is decided for the better.
Grinev remained a man of honor to the end. He was present at the execution of Pugachev, to whom he owed his happiness. Pugachev recognized him and nodded his head from the scaffold.
So, proverb "take care of honor from a young age" has the value of a life talisman that helps to overcome the harsh trials of life.
I hope you liked this essay-reasoning “Take care of honor from a young age” based on the work of A.S. Pushkin.
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Every time we hear any proverb, such as "Take care of your dress again, and honor from a young age," we are interested in its roots and meaning, provided that we are inquisitive enough. In this article, we offer a reflection on the proverb mentioned above.
People have been accumulating the wisdom of life for centuries. Sharp-witted peasants notice everything: when to check the weather for the summer, and how to plant wheat and rye, and how to distinguish one horse from another. They noticed the behavior of plants, and the habits of animals, and the main features of people. Each observation was expressed in well-aimed, vivid and capacious verbal sayings. They were well remembered due to the internal rhythm, and even rhyme. The proverb “Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age” is no exception.
And, basically, proverbs and sayings are needed for a prognostic function or to determine something after the fact. For example, when a person repeats the unseemly deeds of his parents, they say about him with a sigh: "An apple does not fall far from an apple tree." But this means that the person has already done something bad, and nothing can be done now. But there is a separate type of sayings - instructive. They are designed to tell people how to act so that life is more “correct” and meets the expectations of others. The saying "Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age" applies precisely to such. It was created so that the younger generation would understand the general canon of behavior accepted in society.
This expression compares, on the one hand, the everyday and understandable statement that a dress must be looked after from the moment it was sewn. The fact that a specific word is used here does not mean a specific piece of clothing. It is rather a collective image, the name of any clothing in general, things in principle.
Every zealous owner knows that a shirt, and boots, and even a bag of grain should be used strictly for their intended purpose and not kept in the wrong conditions. After all, if you wipe newborn calves with a shirt, it will quickly deteriorate. And if the grain is stored not in a special well-ventilated barn, but behind the stove, then it will become damp and it will not be possible to eat it. And even more expensive things like boots, a caftan, a sheepskin coat, a carpet, which were not only bought once in a lifetime, but also passed on by inheritance. They must be protected so that they last as long as possible. A careful attitude to a thing is the key to its “long and healthy life”.
On the other hand, the saying tells about such a complex and abstract concept as honor.
And this contrast is created intentionally. People rarely think about abstraction, especially young people. Their blood is hot, all sorts of prohibitions and limits seem to them nothing more than an invention of obsolete old people. But it is in youth that people most often commit acts that could be described as dishonorable. Therefore, this saying arose as an edification and teaching to the younger generation.
These are the reflections on the topic: "Take care of the dress again, and honor from youth: the meaning of the proverb and its analysis."
In the modern world, as a rule, the second part of the saying is used. Since the boundaries of morality and the concept of “proper” have been blurred lately, now they usually say this to people who have dishonored themselves, stained themselves with some unworthy act. And if the one who is reprimanded in this way suddenly asks: “Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age,” who said? They will angrily answer: “People!”. You know, like in a song: the music is author's, the words are folk.
So what is honor and why should it be protected? Honor is a set of rules of conduct adopted in the society in which a person lives. To "maintain honor" means to behave in a manner acceptable to others. However, do not confuse honor with etiquette. The latter is a set of external rules: how to sit at the table, how to eat, how to say hello. And honor implies that a person takes a certain internal position and behaves in accordance with it, however, honor implies a certain external canon of behavior. This places the concept of "honor" between "etiquette" and "dignity". Human dignity may not show itself outwardly at all.
But we digress, so we continue. To take the wrong fork at dinner is embarrassment, but to poke a neighbor in the eye with this fork is dishonor and hooliganism. To interrupt the speaker is ugly, to accuse him of theft means "dishonor". The first can happen by inattention, the second is in any case a conscious choice.
Today, the concept of "honor" is considered obsolete and is used only in some specific structures in which there is a rigid hierarchy (army, criminal world). Now they usually talk about dignity. The concept of "dignity", thank God, is still relevant, we hope its sun does not set.
But in the days of knights and beautiful ladies, honor was an essential attribute of a person. At least in high society. Under the honor of the lady understood her proper behavior, first in relation to her parents, and then to her husband. Manners and the ability to behave in society were also included in the concept of "honor". It is even impossible to imagine that in those days two ladies, having quarreled, grabbed each other's hair!
If there was an open conflict, they made it easier - they did not meet. One did not host the other in her house, and they did not go to the same events. And the honor of the organizers of the event was supported by the subtle ability not to invite two such ladies to one at the same time. Pushing them on purpose was also considered a dishonorable act.
The honor of a man was a much more subtle and complex concept. You can't be a liar and a thief. It was forbidden to blame other people for this without good reason. Violation of subordination (proper relations between a subordinate and a superior) was equated in most cases with a loss of honor. The code of honor also included a permissible attitude towards women, and even a man was obliged to treat his wife in a certain way. For one suspicion that a husband hit his wife, not to mention a strange woman, a person was excluded from a decent society. Not a single event hosted him, not a single friend invited him to visit. All doors immediately closed in front of him.
And the only way to wash away the shame of dishonor was with blood. True, especially aggressive men found any excuse to be offended and fight.
Thus, the saying “Take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age” (author unknown) not only instructed young people on the true path, but also saved their lives. After all, a dishonorable deed done in early youth with a hot head could come out. If someone found out about this and told, then he had to be called to a duel in order to defend his honor. Such hot morals were before.
We hope our article helped to understand the meaning of the proverb “take care of the dress again, and honor from a young age.” Its meaning is no longer a mystery to the reader.
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The concept of honor is brought up in a person from childhood. And what about honor? And so, the saying "take care of honor from a young age." Not! It is necessary to take care of grandmother's beads, and honor must be earned. How can one disagree with the phrase “cherish honor from a young age”? So, to preserve honor from a young age is not to commit acts that offend, first of all, one's own dignity. Farewell, Peter. Serve faithfully to whom you swear allegiance, and remember the proverb: take care of your dress again, and honor from a young age ”(A. Pushkin, The Captain's Daughter).
Letting their child go into adulthood, someone says: “Take care of a penny”, and someone’s parental blessing fits into “take care of honor from a young age, and a dress again.” Up to a certain point, protecting the honor of the child is the direct responsibility of the parents.
The concept of honor includes justice, nobility, devotion, truthfulness. Today, when the moral vector is shifted towards pragmatism, consumerism, one can hear opinions that being a man of honor is unprofitable. Self-complacency in the form of: “Today I will make a small deal with my conscience, but this is one time. There is a whole life ahead and I will have time to rewrite everything cleanly ”- the road to dishonor.
Advice to young people from their youth to cherish their honor, good name (as well as to save clothes again, that is, while they are new). To the well-known proverb "Take care of honor from a young age" one should add - "Take care of your health from a young age" (F. Kolomiytsev, Prevention of premature old age). The question of honor occupies the first place among moral symbols. Loss of honor is a fall in morals, followed by inevitable punishment.
Russian writers have always addressed the issue of honor in their works. We can say that this problem was and is one of the central ones in the great Russian literature. On the example of A. S. Pushkin's story "The Captain's Daughter", we can trace how this happens in life and what results it leads to. The first time Pyotr Grinev acted honorably, returning the card debt, although in that situation Savelich tried to persuade him to evade the calculation.
Moral trials awaited Grinev in the fortress where he served. Pyotr Grinev did the same, but was pardoned by Pugachev. He faces the death penalty, but Grinev decides for reasons of honor not to name his beloved. If he had told the whole truth about Masha, for the sake of whose salvation he, in fact, found himself in such a situation, then he would certainly have been acquitted. The lady takes the poor girl at her word. This fact suggests that in a society where the majority of people live in honor, justice is always easier to achieve.
Grinev remained a man of honor to the end. He was present at the execution of Pugachev, to whom he owed his happiness. Pugachev recognized him and nodded his head from the scaffold. I do not want to be a strict judge, but the concept of honor, in my opinion, is not at all familiar to many people in our time. This means that in our time there are people for whom honor is the main principle of life, in spite of any vicissitudes of fate.
An example of this is the same Petrusha Grinev, from A. S. Pushkin's story “The Captain's Daughter”, which I am going to talk about. And Peter took care. On the way to the place of service, he naively lost to a man with whom he had barely made acquaintance. Pyotr Grinev did not sully his honor even in those cases when it was easy to pay for it with his head.
With this fact, Pushkin emphasizes that nobility and education are two different things. Moreover, relationships in the family in which a person was brought up are of great importance. And the reason for this is also the nobility of Peter, who showed in relation to the “guide”, who once helped them get out of the blizzard. Fortunately, this man turned out to be none other than Pugachev himself.
Grinev's noble feelings also manifested themselves in the episode of his arrest. The phrase "Take care of honor from a young age" can be safely called the central idea of the story "The Captain's Daughter". Pyotr Grinev is a character for whom honor is far from an empty phrase. His story shows us what a real nobleman and defender of the Motherland should be like.
He stands up for the honor of Masha Mironova and shoots with Shvabrin, despite the fact that he is an officer. Grinev's adherence to principles touches even Pugachev, who knows the price of honor. He has mercy on Peter and they remain friends.
For him, officer duty and honor mean nothing, it is only important for him to save his own skin. He easily renounces the oath and goes to the service of Pugachev, blackmails Masha, informs on Grinev. Its history shows that honor is an internal concept, and it is not connected with ranks and titles. Of course, you have a question: “And with this proverb, what is wrong?”. How can you hate her? It is possible and necessary. There will be an answer and a detailed analysis.
No, do not think that I condemn the importance of honor and reputation - the main qualities of a leader, I'm talking about something else. It sounded like this: "take care of honor from a young age if the face is crooked." Now I will finally explain why I NEVER use it in speech and do it consciously.
As a result, we are afraid to make a mistake, so as not to lose honor. Honor is proposed to be defended by inaction. Honor is not given to us initially in life, so that later at the end we can see how much we have left (as in the races of waiters with full glasses). Protect means doing nothing. No, I’m not cowardly inactive and sit with my mouth shut, afraid of rejection or a sidelong glance in my direction, I keep my honor!” sits in the depths of our consciousness.
As one of the examples, I would like to cite the story "The Captain's Daughter" by A.S. Pushkin. How vividly Pushkin describes how during the rebellion the high qualities of some heroes and the baseness of others are manifested! Grinev finds out about this and, by coincidence, already together with Pugachev, goes to the Belogorsk fortress.
Our great compatriot and contemporary of the events described, Alexander Vasilievich Suvorov, said: “The honor of my daughter is dearer to me than life and my own honor.” In the summer garden, Mashenka meets a middle-aged lady, in whom everything "involuntarily attracted the heart and inspired confidence." On the same night he was arrested, and she saw her father only after 16 years. Together with their mother, they patiently waited for him, humbly enduring all the difficulties and hardships.
At a young age, rarely anyone is called a man of honor, despite the fact that this feeling is given from birth. Honor is done only by those actions that do not run counter to one's own dignity.
1. The genre of the work.
2. History of creation.
3. The idea and the main plot.
4. The fate of the heroes and the meaning of the epigraph.
5. The value of the work for the modern reader.
"The Captain's Daughter" by A. S. Pushkin is an original and controversial work. This is a historical story, conceived back in 1833, and a family chronicle of the Grinev family, and an exciting love story of two young hearts. The work can also be attributed to the genre of the novel-parable, since the fate of the main characters is a direct confirmation of the folk wisdom that is included in the epigraph. It is also a novel-upbringing or a novel-formation of characters, one of the first in Russian literature, which psychologically accurately and quite reasonably describes the change in the character of the main character under the pressure of life circumstances.
The story "The Captain's Daughter" is not for nothing called a historical chronicle. It presents not just historically significant persons, but the action itself has a documentary basis - orders, extracts, letters, which Pushkin searched the archives with such care.
The events described take place over several years - from 1772 to 1775. The story is being told on behalf of Peter Grinev, a hereditary nobleman, sincerely devoted to Empress Catherine II and his homeland, convinced of the need for autocracy. Grinev's memories (and the story is a memoir or memoir of the protagonist) are connected with one of the most terrible events in Russian history - the uprising of E. I. Pugachev. This is a bright and complex historical figure - in the center of the novel, all the main storylines strive for him, almost all the heroes of the work interact with him, only few of them manage to escape alive after meeting him.
Grinev is not only a witness, but also a participant in what is happening around him. The formation of the character, to be honest, quite persistent and straightforward, a young nobleman is associated with a constant test of his honor and conscience. After leaving home, the young gentleman constantly finds himself in situations of difficult moral choice, absolutely correct, despite the miserable life experience. It consisted only in the phrase said to his son at parting and taken out by the author in the epigraph: "take care of honor from an early age."
The entire moral potential of the hero is finally revealed during the popular revolt. In just one day spent in the Belogorsk fortress, Grinev has to choose between life and death several times. The young, inexperienced nobleman, however, never betrays in the name of saving his own life, unlike some heroes who are not as spiritually pure as he is. But, seeing the "Russian rebellion", "senseless and merciless", Grinev seriously thought about the fate of the Russian nobility. Peter comes to the conclusion that in many respects his fate depends on his attitude towards the "black people", the ability to accept this people, if not as an equal, then not devoid of originality and human dignity. From the point of view of the protagonist, only peaceful and humane coexistence of estates is capable of saving, saving Russia from the crisis. And this is the first impetus to undermine the ideal image of the monarchy and autocracy.
Grinev's dream is also symbolic, in which "a terrible man, glancing merrily, invites him under his blessing." The most important, decisive and fateful moral test overtakes the hero already in Orenburg. Having received a letter from Masha, Peter must make a choice between duty and honor - to save his beloved from the besieged city, where she was in the hands of the scoundrel Shvabrin, or to remain in Orenburg and fulfill the duty of a soldier, knowing that an innocent girl is being tortured, and no one can come to her. help. Masha's desperate appeal: “You are my only patron; intercede for me poor ”became decisive. Grinev the man defeated Grinev the soldier who swore allegiance to the empress. He decided to leave Orenburg, and then took advantage of Pugachev's help.
The fate of the characters is largely tragic, but the ending of the novel - the happy reunion of Masha and Peter - is bright and joyful. Pugachev, as is known from the history course, was caught and executed. Of great importance in the denouement of the novel is the image of Catherine II, who came to the aid of the lovers, descended to the “traitor” and took pity on the “orphan”. Only thanks to her and the reckless courage of Masha, who came to the Empress in the name of saving her love, this story has a happy ending.
The concept of honor for Grinev is above all. He perceives honor as human dignity, the unity of conscience and inner conviction that he is right. The father of the protagonist, and the captain of the fortress, the father of beloved Peter, had a similar understanding of honor.
“Take care of honor from a young age, and a dress again” - this is what a folk proverb says. What did the author want to say, who brought folk wisdom into the title of his story? The fact that once you have stained your conscience, you will no longer wash off. That one should listen to the voice of the heart, but rely on one's own wisdom a cold mind. The fact that each person is able to choose between honor and duty and either keep or tarnish honor forever is the best "outfit" for anyone.
So did Grinev follow his father's advice? Has he tarnished his name or not? Of course not, because the accusations of betrayal turned out to be imaginary. Acquaintance with Pugachev was supported by a completely ordinary human desire to warm his neighbor, who shares the road with you and helps you in bad weather. Yes, and Grinev could not make another choice, knowing that the unfortunate, innocent victim was in the hands of a traitor, and there was no salvation, no one would help her.
Honor in the novel is a measure of the humanity and decency of the characters, their morality and spiritual purity. The difference in attitudes towards honor and duty separated Grinev and Shvabrin on opposite sides of the barrier. The openness and sincerity of the hero led to a meeting with Pugachev - an honest and pure man in his own way. In any story, you can discover qualities of character that were previously unknown. Vile and low deeds make any person a complete scoundrel. Everyone has a chance, even in the most difficult trials, to find a way out without sullying their honor.
In the epigraph of his story "The Captain's Daughter" A.S. Pushkin took out the Russian proverb "Take care of honor from a young age." Proverbs carry folk wisdom that has been developing for centuries. You can not trust proverbs, consider them banal words, but very often the meaning of these statements is understood only when a person experiences some life tests.
So it happened with Peter Grinev, the main character of the story. Circumstances developed in such a way that he faced a choice: take a risk, but act like an honest person, or, fearing danger, betray loved ones, his ideals.
Pyotr Grinev, the young son of a landowner, is serving in the army. The father, giving instructions to his son before leaving, tells him: “Serve faithfully to whom you swear allegiance; obey the bosses; do not chase after their affection; do not ask for service, do not dissuade from service, and remember the proverb: take care of the dress again, and honor from youth. This means that since childhood, Petr Grinev was shown the value of honor, its importance in life.
But not only education allows the hero to maintain honor. Grinev is a kind and sincere person: he gives a hare sheepskin coat to an oncoming peasant, he loves Masha Mironova and violates military discipline for her sake. Grinev loves Savelich and helps him get out of the hands of the Pugachevites. Pugachev liked Peter's directness and sincerity and endeared Grinev to him.
The young man is faithful to the oath and the word given to the Empress. To Pugachev’s offer to enter his service, after a moment’s hesitation, he replies with a decisive refusal: “My head is in your power - let me go - thank you; If you execute, God will judge you." Perhaps it was this fidelity to the oath that saved Grinev's life, the firmness of his character made Pugachev pay attention to him and aroused the sympathy of the impostor.
Honor and fidelity to duty are manifested in Grinev in his opposition to Shvabrin. This educated, eloquent, witty person is indifferent to others, thinks only of himself. For his own benefit, he is ready to go over to the side of the enemy, to keep a defenseless girl locked up. Shvabrin writes a false denunciation to Grinev's father about his son. Without hesitation, this hero joins the ranks of the Pugachevites when victory was on their side. Grinev would never have acted in a way that he would not have been promised a benefit for such actions.
A sense of duty, sincerity, devotion - these qualities form the personality of Grinev. No, he is not a hero, he is sometimes afraid and doubtful, but he tries not to deviate from his convictions and, in extreme cases, is ready to commit truly heroic deeds for the sake of loved ones. There is a service, there is a duty, and this is very important, but Grinev always remains a person with a good heart. Even in Pugachev, he sees, first of all, an intelligent, courageous, generous person, a defender of the poor and orphans.
The moral issues of the story are closely connected with the image of Masha Mironova. The heroine appears for the first time on the pages of the story during lunch in the fortress and does not make any impression on Grinev.
But all further narration in the work is built in such a way that the image of the “fool”, as Shvabrin imagines her, and the “coward” (as Masha is called by her mother, Vasilisa Egorovna), grows into the image of a strong, courageous girl, proud and wise.
Masha is from that category of people, modest, inconspicuous, at first glance, ordinary, who in difficult times are transformed, demonstrating spiritual strength and energy. "Coward" Masha prefers to live locked up, on bread and water, but does not agree to become the wife of the unprincipled, vile Shvabrin: Masha is faithful to her beloved and her high moral principles.
“Coward” Masha, for the sake of her beloved, will go to the Empress of All Rus' herself, in order to tell the Empress about the innocence of her fiancé, to ask for a great mercy - to grant him freedom. But only a brave, strong girl could take such a step. It is not so simple: to decide on a meeting and conversation with the empress herself, to win her over.
Giving his work such a name - "The Captain's Daughter" - Pushkin emphasized that he was primarily concerned about moral issues and that Masha personifies spiritual purity, nobility, courage and modesty.
Take care of honor from a young age ... This means that honor does not forget past mistakes. Having stumbled once in your youth, you will no longer be able to completely clear your conscience from the dark spots of past days. All mature life is, by and large, the cultivation of the fruits of youth. Petr Grinev and Masha Mironova, in my opinion, enter maturity with good spiritual soil, ready for good deeds and fair decisions.
One of the most talented word masters of the 19th century is A. S. Pushkin. He wrote a large number of the greatest works that forever entered the history of both Russian and world literature. One of the most famous creations in prose is The Captain's Daughter. The poet himself called "The Captain's Daughter" a novel, but the work has the dimensions of a story. The small volume is explained by the extreme conciseness of Pushkin's prose style. The novel is mostly written in simple sentences. Despite the small volume, the events of the novel cover about two years: from the beginning of the winter of 1772/73 to January 1775. The plot of the work is based on events from the life of the protagonist, which unfold against the backdrop of real historical events. The author touched on a large number of issues that concern him. One of the most important issues raised in the novel was the theme of honor and duty, that is, a look at the understanding of one's honor and duty by different people in different situations.
The main character of the novel is Pyotr Grinev, a young nobleman, an officer of Catherine's army, a man of duty and honor, in whom moral principles are strong. He is a witness, narrator and direct participant in historical events. The hero of a historical work is not a historical figure, but a fictitious person, a person, in essence, naive. By the force of circumstances he is involved in historical Events; during which he enters into relationships with historical figures. The son will understand Father Grinev's instruction: "Take care of your honor from a young age." The further fate of the hero is the fulfillment of the father's parting words and especially the covenant of honor, despite all the difficulties, obstacles and mistakes on the hero's path.
The concept of honor is different for the father and son of the Grinevs, since their worldview was formed in different conditions. If for the father it is, first of all, the honor of a nobleman and officer, loyalty to the sovereign under any circumstances, then Grinev-son, without abandoning such an understanding, is able to expand the concepts of honor to its universal, humane and civil meaning, to the recognition of the heroic qualities of the leader of the uprising to "sympathy "and involuntary admiration for the moral highness of Pugachev.
Grinev is one of the best people of his era, he sympathizes with Pugachev, although he does not understand the true meaning of the events. At the moment, he saw in the leader of the uprising not an impostor, a bandit and a murderer, but, above all, exactly the person on whom his further personal happiness depends. Grinev does not refuse his help because of false pride, but is even grateful for Pugachev's desire to help him and stop the arbitrariness of Shvabrin, who was not only a traitor, but also a low, immoral person.
In the person of Shvabrin, a typical representative of the guards officers of Catherine's time is shown. Shvabrin, as an officer of the guard, sees in himself a person to whom everything is permitted. We know little about his past: his career is broken, there is no hope of returning to St. Petersburg. In these circumstances, his transition to the side of Pugachev can be seen as an opportunity for change. The choice was made between betrayal of the oath and the inevitable gallows in case of refusal. Shvabrin deeply despises the people, hates and fears Pugachev, the goals of the uprising are alien to him.
Among the common people there is also a peculiar idea of honor and duty. Savelich served the master for the best years of his life, served him faithfully and faithfully. He was ready to give his life "for the master's child." In the image of Savelich, slavish obedience to his master is shown.
Pugachev seemed to be an unprincipled and immoral person, seeing in Grinev not only an opponent, a daring nobleman, but a proud man who did not flinch before power. Even under pain of death, he did not want to swear allegiance to Pugachev, supposedly the true sovereign. In Pugachev, there are also human qualities that are revealed in relations with Grinev.
