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Sep 28 2016

I. S. Turgenev reflected in his novel “Fathers and Sons” the conflict that arose between the two socio-political camps in Russia in the 60s of the XIX century. The writer Yevgeny Bazarov became the spokesman for the ideas of the raznochintsy-democrats. He is opposed in the novel by the liberal nobility, the most prominent representative of which is Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. In order to reflect the conflict of a turning point in the life of Russia in its entirety, Turgenev brings these two heroes together. “Who is Bazarov?

”- the Kirsanovs ask Arkady and hear the answer: “Nihilist”. The views of the "nihilist" and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov were completely opposite. From the very first meeting, they felt hostility towards each other.

Pavel Petrovich, having learned that Evgeny would be visiting them, asked: “This hairy one?” And Bazarov noticed Arkady in the evening: “And your uncle is eccentric.” There have always been contradictions between them. “We will still have a fight with this doctor, I foresee it,” says Kirsanov.

Let's take a closer look at the main characters of the novel. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov - the son of a military general in 1812. Graduated from the Corps of Pages.

Outwardly, it is with a beautiful face, youthfully slender. An aristocrat, an Angloman, he was self-confident, spoiled himself. Living in the village with his brother, Pavel Petrovich retained his aristocratic habits (he wore an English suit and lacquered ankle boots).

Bazarov is the grandson of a deacon, the son of a county doctor. There is strength and energy in this man. He speaks in a "manly voice," clear and simple.

Bazarov's gait is "solid and swiftly bold." In general, in the appearance of Bazarov, Turgenev emphasizes his intellectual beginning. What is the worldview of these heroes of the novel? Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is deeply convinced that the aristocrats won the right to a leading position in society not by origin, but by moral virtues and deeds (“The aristocracy gave freedom to England and supports it”), that is, the moral norms developed by the aristocrats are the support of the human personality. Kirsanov believes that only immoral people can live without principles.

At the same time, we see that the principles of Pavel Petrovich have nothing to do with his deeds - a typical representative of an aristocratic society passes in idleness. In contrast, Bazarov accepts only what is useful (“They will tell me the case - I agree.” “At the present time, denial is most useful - we deny”). Continuous work for the benefit of society is the content of Bazarov's life. Turgenev reveals the nature of his work: “Bazarov brought a microscope with him and spent hours fiddling with it,” he conducts “physical and chemical experiments,” that is, he continues his natural science studies in Maryino.

Important features of Bazarov's worldview are his atheism and materialism. In disputes with Pavel Petrovich, Bazarov proved the necessity of denying life. To the question of what he denies, a short answer followed: "Everything." Kirsanov did not recognize such a position in life, which was the basis of the hostility of the heroes. The youth came to destroy and denounce, and someone else will take care of the building.

“You deny everything, or, to put it more correctly, you destroy everything. Why, it is necessary to build, ”says Yevgeny Kirsanov. “It's not our business anymore. First you need to clear the place, ”Bazarov answers.

With some external similarity in the views of Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov on the people, in the main they diverge. To Pavel Petrovich, the religiosity of the people, life according to the rules established by grandfathers, seem to be primordial and valuable features of people's life, they touch him. To Bazarov, these qualities are hateful: “The people believe that when the thunder rumbles, this is Elijah the prophet in a chariot driving around the sky. Well? Should I agree with him?" The same features inherent in folk life are called the heroes of the novel in different ways, and are evaluated differently. Pavel Petrovich says: "He (the people) cannot live without faith."

Bazarov, on the other hand, believes that "the grossest superstition is choking him." They also argue about poetry, art, philosophy. Bazarov amazes and irritates Kirsanov with his cold-blooded thoughts about the denial of personality, everything spiritual.

From Bazarov's point of view, "reading Pushkin is a waste of time, making music is ridiculous, enjoying nature is ridiculous." As a true materialist, he perceives nature as a “workshop”, and “man is a worker in it”. “I will die, and burdock will grow out of me,” Bazarov says pragmatically. Pavel Petrovich, on the contrary, admires nature, loves art.

The maximalism of Bazarov, who believes that one can and should rely in everything only on one's own experience and one's own feelings, leads to the denial of art, since art is just a generalization and artistic interpretation of someone else's experience. The nihilist believes that art (both painting and music) softens the soul, distracts from work. All this is “romanticism”, “nonsense”. It seemed blasphemous to Bazarov to "talk" about art, "unconscious creativity" when "the matter is about daily bread."

In the disputes between Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Bazarov, one wants to take the side of one or the other. It seems to me that both of these Turgenevs were right in some ways, but wrong in some ways. But in general, Bazarov, personifying the younger generation, has advantages: he is characterized by novelty of thoughts, high efficiency, dedication. He is closer to ordinary people, because courtyard people are drawn to him.

(Bazarov “possessed a special ability to arouse confidence in the people of the lower ones, although he never indulged them and treated them casually,” writes Turgenev). The principles and ideals of the fathers are becoming a thing of the past. This is especially clearly shown in the scene of the duel between Kirsanov and Bazarov. “The duel,” wrote Turgenev, “was introduced to demonstrate the emptiness of the elegantly noble chivalry, exposed as exaggeratedly comical.” Both Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Bazarov are shown by Turgenev as outstanding personalities.

Due to circumstances, they became spokesmen for the ideas of two different eras, as well as different social camps - aristocratic and revolutionary-democratic. That is why the conflict between them is so deep. Using his example, Turgenev clearly shows us the burning problems of the 60s of the XIX century. The skill of the author of the novel “Fathers and Sons” allows us to feel the atmosphere of this turning point in the life of Russia.

One of the most important features of the work of Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev is the desire to understand everything that is happening in the country. A vivid work that reflected a whole stage in the historical development of Russia in the second half of the 19th century was the novel Fathers and Sons. The title of the work suggests that it will resolve the age-old question - contradictions between generations, and it is raised by the author, but in fact the writer is concerned about something else. Fathers and sons are those who live in the thoughts of the passing generation, and representatives of new ideas, trends, thoughts, new people born in the new time. In the novel, Turgenev tries to understand, comprehend the purpose of life, the worldview of this new person, a commoner by birth, a democrat by political views. The novel “Fathers and Sons” shows the struggle between the worldviews of two political trends - liberal nobles and democratic revolutionaries. On the opposition of the most active representatives of these trends - the commoner Bazarov and the nobleman Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov - the plot of the novel is built. In addition to this main problem, Turgenev raises a number of other issues related to the moral, cultural, socio-economic development of Russia in the 60s of the XIX century.

Turgenev raises questions that concern the progressive people of that time: what is the difference between the revolutionary democrats and the liberals; how one should treat the people, work, science, art; what transformations are needed in agriculture, in the economy? The author shows us three disputes between E. Bazarov and P. Kirsanov, in which these issues are raised.

So, the theme of the nobility, its role in life. According to Pavel Petrovich, aristocrats are the driving force of social development. Their ideal is “English liberty” (constitutional monarchy); the path to the ideal is liberal (reforms, glasnost, progress). In appearance, in convictions, Pavel Petrovich is an aristocrat. True, as Pisarev writes, “to tell the truth, he has no convictions, but he does have habits that he values ​​​​very much” and “out of habit” proves the need for “principles” in disputes. What are these "principles"? First, it is a look at the state structure. Himself a nobleman and aristocrat, he holds the same views as most of the nobles of that time. Pavel Petrovich is for the established order, he is a monarchist." Pavel Petrovich does not tolerate dissent and fiercely defends the doctrines, which "his actions constantly contradicted."

According to Bazarov, aristocrats are not capable of action, they are of no use. Bazarov rejects liberalism, denies the ability of the nobility to lead Russia to the future.

The next question concerns nihilism and the role of nihilists in life.

A nihilist is a person who does not bow to any authority, who does not take a single principle on faith, no matter how respected this principle is surrounded. This is one of the main provisions of this trend, which implies the independence of man, both internal and external.

Bazarov, this “hairy one,” is casually dressed in “a long robe with tassels,” “his linen coat, his trousers are soiled with mud.” And such an appearance is not accidental: it is a direct denial of generally accepted norms, fashion, the opposition of one’s “clothes” to the accuracy and elegance of Pavel Petrovich’s suit.

Internal independence lies primarily in the independence of thinking, and hence the confidence in the correctness of one's convictions. Indeed, Bazarov is categorical, sometimes harsh, but always confident in his judgments, he does not get excited in a dispute, like Pavel Pegrovich, and maintains "inexpressible calmness." Nihilists do not recognize authorities, which means that the essence of the problem is important for them, and not public opinion about it. All questioning is, of course, the driving force behind the development of thought, progress.

But it should be noted that nihilism in its extreme manifestations can sometimes lead to the denial of all universal values ​​and principles, which is what Pavel Petrovich says. After all, there are things that cannot be questioned, they just need to be accepted on faith. These are concepts of good and evil, good and bad. If we reject faith in these moral foundations of human existence, it is impossible to understand and define what morality is: “... without principles, only immoral or empty people can live in our time.” So says Pavel Petrovich. He condemns the nihilists because they "respect no one", live "without principles"; considers them unnecessary and powerless: "There are only four and a half of you." To this, Bazarov replies: “Moscow burned down from a penny candle.” By denying “everything,” Bazarov means religion, the autocratic-feudal system, and generally accepted morality. What do the nihilists say? First of all, the need for revolutionary action. The criterion is the public good.

What are the views of both sides on the people? Pavel Petrovich glorifies the peasant community, family, religiosity, patriarchy of the Russian peasant. Bazarov says that the people do not understand their own interests, are dark and ignorant, but considers it necessary to distinguish between people's interests and people's prejudices, claims that the people are revolutionary in spirit, therefore nihilism is a manifestation of the people's spirit. Pavel Petrovich likes to talk about Russian peasants, but when he meets them, he “frowns and sniffs cologne.” Kirsanov talks about Russia, about the "Russian idea", but at the same time he uses a huge number of foreign words. He speaks with pathos about the public good, about serving the Fatherland, but he himself sits idly by, satisfied with a well-fed and calm life.

Bazarov is close to the common people in his attitude to work. Turgenev's hero is a raznochinets, he was originally supposed to work according to his social position. He is fascinated by work, as it is an indispensable condition for self-respect and satisfaction for Bazarov.

The fourth question concerns the disputants' attitude to art and nature. Pavel Petrovich blesses art. The author agrees with P. Kirsanov in this. But Bazarov denies everything, he has a different morality: what is useful is moral. Expediency is the main measure of the value of actions and phenomena in Bazarov. Therefore, he perceives nature only as a workshop, where a person must be the master and use knowledge to achieve his goals: "Nature is not a temple." Bazarov refuses the great achievements of culture: "Rafael is not worth a penny."

Let's summarize. The debate was not about private matters. They concerned the present and future of Russia. In all disputes, the last word remained with Bazarov. A compromise between the heroes of Turgenev is impossible, a duel is a confirmation of this.

It is impossible to answer unambiguously. However, it should be noted that the novel is dedicated to V.G. Belinsky - a man of the 40s, who had the same "passionate, sinful, rebellious heart" as Bazarov. Turgenev does not know how the issues raised by his heroes will be resolved, but the fact that they are raised is a great merit of the writer.

P. Kirsanov's disputes with E. Bazarov have ideological significance. They reveal the main idea, the idea of ​​the novel, what it was written for. They give a special sharpness to the plot, serve as a characteristic of each character; they show the superiority of new progressive ideas over old, obsolete ones, the eternal movement of society towards progress.

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I. S. Turgenev reflected in his novel "Fathers and Sons" the conflict that arose between the two socio-political camps in Russia in the 60s of the XIX century. Yevgeny Bazarov became the spokesman for the ideas of the raznochintsev democrats. He is opposed in the novel by the liberal nobility, the most prominent representative of which is Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov. In order to reflect the conflict of a turning point in the life of Russia in its entirety, Turgenev brings these two heroes together. "Who is Bazarov?" - They ask Kirsanov in Arcadia and hear the answer: "Nihilist". The views of the "nihilist" and Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov were completely opposite. From the very first meeting, they felt hostility towards each other. Pavel Petrovich, having learned that Yevgeny would be visiting them, asked: “Is this hairy one?” And Bazarov noticed Arkady in the evening: “And your uncle is eccentric. Contradictions always arose between them. “We will still have a fight with this doctor, I I have a presentiment,” says Kirsanov.

Let's take a closer look at the main characters of the novel. Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov - the son of a military general in 1812. Graduated from the Corps of Pages. Outwardly, this is a man with a good face, but youthful slender. An aristocrat, an Angloman, he was self-confident, spoiled himself. Living in the village with my brother, Pavel. Petrovich retained aristocratic habits (he wore an English suit and lacquer ones. Half boots. Bazarov is the grandson of a deacon, the son of a county doctor. This man feels strength, energy. He speaks in a “courageous voice”, clearly and simply. Bazarov’s procession is “solid and swiftly bold. In In general, in the appearance of Bazarov, Turgenev emphasizes his intellectual beginning. What is the worldview of these heroes of the novel? Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov is deeply convinced that the aristocrats won the right to a leading position in society not by origin, but by moral dignity and deeds ("The aristocracy gave freedom to England and supports it" ), i.e. the moral standards developed by aristocrats are the backbone of the human personality. Kirsanov believes that only immoral people can live without principles. At the same time, we see that the principles of Pavel Petrovich have nothing to do with his affairs - the life of a typical representative of an society passes in idleness, unlike him, Bazarov accepts only what is useful o ("They will tell me the case - I will agree" "At present, denial is most useful - we deny." Continuous work for the benefit of society is the content of Bazarov's life. Turgenev reveals the nature of his work: “Bazarov brought a microscope with him and fiddled with it for hours, he conducts “physical and chemical experiments”, that is, he continues his scientific studies in Maryino. Important features of Bazarov's worldview are his atheism and materialism.

In disputes with Pavel Petrovich, Bazarov argued the need to deny the way of life. When asked what he denies, he gives a short answer: "Everything." Kirsanov did not recognize such a position in life, which was the basis of the hostility of the heroes. Young people have come to destroy and denounce, and someone else will take care of the building. “You deny everything, or, to be more precise, you destroy everything. This is how you need to build, ”says Evgeny Kirsanov. “It's not our business anymore. Clear the place first, ”Bazarov replies. Despite some outward similarity in the views of Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov on the people, in the main they diverge. To Pavel Petrovich, the religiosity of the people, life according to the rules established by grandfathers, seem to be primordial and valuable features of people's life, they touch him. Bazarov, these qualities are hateful: “The people think that when the thunder rumbles, this is Elijah the prophet in a chariot driving around the sky. What? Should I agree with him? “The same features inherent in folk life are called the heroes of the novel in different ways, and are evaluated differently. Pavel Petrovich says: "He (the people) cannot live without faith." Bazarov, on the other hand, believes that “gross superstition is choking him. They also argue about poetry, art, philosophy. Bazarov amazes and irritates Kirsanov with his cold-blooded thoughts about the denial of personality, everything spiritual. From Bazarov's point of view, “reading Pushkin is a waste of time, making music is ridiculous, enjoying nature is ridiculous. As a true materialist, he perceives nature as a "workshop", and "man is a worker in it." “I will die, and burdock will grow out of me,” Bazarov says pragmatically. Pavel Petrovich, on the contrary, admires nature, loves art. The maximalism of Bazarov, who believes that one can and should rely in everything only on one's own experience and one's own feelings, leads to the denial of art, since art is just a generalization and artistic interpretation of someone else's experience. The nihilist believes that art (and literature, and painting, and music) softens the soul, distracts from work. All this is "romanticism", "nonsense". Bazarov seemed blasphemous to "talk about" art, "unconscious creativity" when "we are talking about daily bread. In the disputes between Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Bazarov, one wants to take the side of one or the other. It seems to me that both of these heroes of Turgenev were right in what and wrong in what. But in general, Bazarov, personifying the younger generation, has advantages: he has a novelty of thoughts, high efficiency, dedication. He is closer to ordinary people, because people are drawn to him. (Bazarov "possessed a special ability to arouse confidence in the lower people, although he never indulged them and did not treat them carelessly," writes Turgenev). The principles and ideals of the fathers are becoming a thing of the past. This is especially clearly shown in the scene of the duel between Kirsanov and Bazarov.

“The duel,” Turgenev wrote, “was introduced to demonstrate the emptiness of the elegantly noble knighthood, exaggerated by the comic.

Both Pavel Petrovich Kirsanov and Bazarov are portrayed by Turgenev as outstanding personalities. Due to circumstances, they became spokesmen for the ideas of two different eras, as well as various social camps - aristocratic and revolutionary-democratic. That is why the conflict between them is so deep. Using his example, Turgenev clearly shows us the burning problems of the 60s of the XIX century. The skill of the author of the novel "Fathers and Sons" allows us to feel the atmosphere of this turning point in the life of Russia.

What is the essence of the conflict between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich? Is it possible to unequivocally state that the basis of their conflict lies and received the best answer

Answer from [email protected][guru]
Turgenev began work on the novel in early August 1860, and finished it in July 1861. "Fathers and Sons" appeared in the February book of the magazine "Russian Messenger" for 1862.
Turgenev based the novel on the conflict between noble liberalism and revolutionary democracy at the time of the abolition of serfdom.
There have always been various disagreements between the older and younger generations. This can be explained by the fact that over time the situation changes, affecting the further attitude of a person to life, the formation of his character. Often people of the older generation are unable or unwilling to understand new attitudes and ways of life. Sometimes this misunderstanding develops into enmity. It is this enmity that we can see on the pages of this novel.
Pavel Petrovich is a typical representative of noble liberalism. He is smart, honest, noble in his own way. Pavel Petrovich follows the old principles in everything. People considered him a little self-confident, mocking, he was distinguished by remarkable beauty.
In his youth, Pavel Petrovich was a secular official, he was carried in his arms, he also spoiled himself a little. I think that Pavel Petrovich could well be called a sybarite, that is, a man spoiled by luxury.
Bazarov Turgenev refers to the number of revolutionary-democratic figures. He is smart, has a good education, is fond of natural sciences. Bazarov is young, full of energy, he is bored where he is not busy with anything. Unlike Sitnikov, Bazarov is not ashamed of his origin.
Whatever the conversation between Pavel Petrovich and Bazarov is about, they almost never find a common language.
Pavel Petrovich respects people with certain principles in life, believing that only empty and immoral people live without them. Bazarov calls the word "principle" an empty, foreign, unnecessary word.
Their attitudes towards the Russian people are also different. Pavel Petrovich reproaches Bazarov for contempt for the people, while Eugene claims: "... well, if he deserves contempt!" , although he often emphasizes his connection with the people: "My grandfather plowed the land", proves that he knows and understands the people much better than Kirsanov.
The characters' views on art and literature are opposite. Pavel Petrovich approves the work of artists, writers, and Bazarov with his phrases: “Rafael is not worth a penny! ” and “a decent chemist is twenty times more useful than any writer” knocks down Kirsanov on the spot.
Many disagreements in the conversation between Bazarov and Pavel Petrovich can be found. It is these differences that completely oppose the characters to each other. Based on them, Bazarov is presented as a callous person, rude to art and literature, self-confident.
The character of the hero is fully revealed only when he meets the test of love.
Pavel Petrovich loved one woman all his life - Princess R. But luck turned away from him, and his life did not work out in love, although love was of great importance in his life.
Bazarov at the beginning of the novel neglects love, considering it stupidity, in his opinion "it is better to be a stone on the pavement than to let a woman take possession of at least the tip of her eye." And yet he fell in love ... Love for Odintsova awakened the other side of Bazarov - a passionate, kind, gentle man, inspired by love. The true character of Bazarov is revealed in the scene of his death. In death he realizes what he could not realize in life.
I do not agree with Bazarov in his attitude to literature, art, love. Although otherwise I share his views more than the views of Pavel Petrovich.
Bazarov is a man of deeds, and Kirsanov is a man of his word. Russia, consisting only of the Kirsanovs, would develop for a very long time and one-sidedly. It is people like Bazarov that Russia needs for its development and prosperity. Turgenev said: "When such people are transferred, let the book of history be closed forever, there will be nothing to read in it."
source...

Work on the novel "Fathers and Sons" took I.S. Turgenev less than a year. He started it in August 1860 and completed it in July 1861. The plot was based on the conflict between secular liberalism and revolutionary democracy during the abolition of serfdom.

Disagreements between generations are an eternal theme. This is due to the passage of time, along with which the surrounding reality changes.

Progress affects the worldview, the formation of character. Older people do not always welcome changes in lifestyle, do not want to understand new views. Misunderstanding turns into a contradiction of epochs.

It is this confrontation between the views of the old and the new that is presented on the pages of the novel. Pavel Kirsanov is a typical representative of aristocratic liberalism. He is handsome, honest, smart and noble in his own way. Pavel Petrovich is about 45 years old, he is somewhat self-confident, but honors the established foundations, is spiritually rich and always adheres to his principles.

Bazarov is a completely different type of personality. He personifies a generation of revolutionary democrats. Eugene is young, smart, educated, gravitates towards the natural sciences, has a solid character, amazing will and diligence. An intellectual full of strength is bored with inactivity, the soul requires changes. At the same time, he is devoid of romance, demonstratively indifferent to aesthetics and art.

Any conversation between Kirsanov and Bazarov ends in a dispute. Everyone defends his own views, he is sure that he is right, so the opponents cannot find a common language. They have a different attitude towards the Russian people, towards culture and philosophy. Through these disagreements, one can see how big the gap between the opponents is. Turgenev presents Bazarov as a self-confident, cold-blooded and impudent person who denies any canons.

However, the character of the hero is fully revealed only after testing by love. At the beginning of the novel, Bazarov considers love to be stupid, but nature takes its toll - feelings for Odintsova awaken in him. Passion inspired Yevgeny, awakened tenderness and kindness in him.

I cannot agree with Bazarov about the need to deny feelings and the whole past. It is impossible to refuse romance, art, literature, but otherwise the views of Turgenev's nihilist are closer to me than the conservative judgments of Pavel Petrovich.

The main difference between Bazarov and Kirsanov is that one is active, the other is passive. If Russia had followed only the laws of the liberal nobility, she would never have made progress. Prosperity needs exactly people like Bazarov.

Updated: 2017-01-12

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