The most important criteria for placing materials in the media is their news and relevance. This means that the news should not contain “outdated” information, which has already received the attention of the public and the media more than once.
News can be valuable both in itself and in connection with a particular socially significant issue. This anchoring helps give the news additional meaning and turns the information or issue contained in the news into a socially significant one.
It should be understood that a problem becomes socially significant only if it is discussed in society and the media, i.e. if it is updated. Therefore, it is necessary to use the capabilities of the media to update events occurring in the activities of election commissions and in connection with the organization and conduct of elections.
Rice. 8. Scheme for updating the problem.
The process of updating a problem represents the content of what will be talked about, offers a list of topics that will be discussed by citizens in the process of interpersonal communication and in the media. Public opinion regarding the need to turn out for elections cannot appear on its own, since it has virtually no impact on the daily lives of voters. However, the media, constantly broadcasting stories about the expenditure of large amounts of budget funds on holding elections, the need to fulfill the civic duty of the population and thereby ensuring fair elections, actualize the problem and put it at the top of the agenda. Thus, the media form a position and, in response, gain public opinion, changing the attitude of voters towards the institution of elections.
A calendar plan for the activities of election commissions or a calendar plan for the main activities for the preparation and conduct of elections must be available to election commissions not only for internal use and organization of the electoral process, but also for provision to the media. Media representatives must be provided with a plan of calendar events implemented by the election commission, since, according to clause 11 of Art. 30 of the Federal Law “On Basic Guarantees...”, representatives of the media have the right to be present at all meetings of election commissions, when they work with election documents, as well as when counting votes. Media representatives also have the right to familiarize themselves with the protocols of election commissions on voting results or the results of elections, referendums, and make or receive from the relevant commission copies of these protocols and documents attached to them. The calendar plan will be useful in that it will allow media managers and journalists to distribute the work of covering the activities of election commissions in advance. The calendar plan is less informative than other materials for the media (press release, press kit, article, etc.), which reveal the essence and problem of each of the events, but must be used by election commissions to interact with the media.
A press release is one of the key technology texts for the media. There are two types of press releases: a press release announcing an event and a news press release.
The first of them is a short message about the upcoming event and is sent, as a rule, along with invitations to representatives of the media. Its main task is to attract the attention of journalists to the upcoming event, be it a press conference, meeting, seminar or conference held by election commissions.
An example of an announcing press release SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL CONFERENCE “100 YEARS OF RUSSIAN PARLIAMENTARISM”
On May 16, 2006, the Election Commission of the Primorsky Territory and the Election Commission of the Khabarovsk Territory are holding a scientific and practical conference dedicated to the centenary of parliamentaryism in Russia..
The main report “A Century of Russian Parliamentarism: Experience and Importance for the Formation and Development of the Electoral System of the Russian Federation” will be made by the Chairman of the Election Commission of the Primorsky Territory, Doctor of Law, Professor, Honored Lawyer of the Russian Federation S.A. Knyazev. The conference will also be attended by members of the regional election commission, representatives of the Legislative Assembly and local government bodies of the Primorsky Territory.
Election Commission of Primorsky Krai10
A news press release contains more detailed information on a topic and is distributed at press conferences or by fax, e-mail, and regular mail. When composing a press release and distributing it, it is necessary to take into account the format of the relevant media outlet to which it is addressed.
The press release should not exceed one page and include a header with the name of the election commission and its coordinates, subject and text of the message. A press release must contain clear, complete and clear information that excludes ambiguous interpretation of facts and must not allow its distortion when transmitted to the media. In addition, the press release is intended to direct the thoughts of journalists in a certain direction and
provide a preliminary set of opinions, formulations and clichés most preferred by election commissions.
PRACTICUM
Example of a news press release IN PRIMORYE ELECTIONS ARE OVER
As of 6 p.m., voter turnout in the elections of deputies to the Legislative Assembly of the Primorsky Territory amounted to 34.61 percent. As noted by the Chairman of the Election Commission of the Primorsky Krai Sergei Knyazev, in all electoral districts the turnout exceeded the 20 percent threshold. This means that the elections took place both in a single electoral district, where 20 deputies are elected according to a proportional system (according to party lists), and in single-mandate constituencies.
According to Sergei Knyazev, no emergency situations that would threaten to disrupt the elections have been registered. However, there are allegations of irregularities in the voting process. Thus, 20 district commissions received 18 appeals from participants in the electoral process, the regional election commission - 6 appeals, 3 appeals - to the prosecutor's office, 65 - to the regional police department. Not a single appeal was received by the regional court.
The fact that the elections in the Primorsky Krai are taking place calmly and in a working mode is also evidenced by the opinion of observers, including Lyudmila Demyanchenko, a member of the Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation with the right of a decisive vote, as well as representatives of the election commissions Ha, Barovsky and Kamchatka territories, Amur region.
During the day, they visited more than 50 polling stations in Vladivostok, Ussuriysk and Artyom and nowhere did they note serious violations in the work of precinct election commissions.
The first voting results will be known after 23:00 local time. As data is received from district and territorial commissions, they will be published on the WEB site of the Primorsky Territory administration in the section of the Primorsky Territory Election Commission.
Election Commission of Primorsky Krai11
A press kit (media kit) (from the English kit - equipment, set) is a package of documents for the media. Press kit
prepared if there is a need to provide journalists with a significant amount of information that is difficult to perceive by ear and takes a lot of time to announce. A well-prepared press kit helps media representatives better understand the essence of the problem and reflect it more fully and objectively in their publications. The press kit may contain decisions of election commissions related to the preparation and conduct of elections, referendums and the announcement of their results, which must be published in accordance with the provisions of the Federal Law “On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in a Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation” in state or municipal periodicals, as well as transmitted to other media in the amount and within the time limits established by the specified law (clause 2 of article 30; clauses 2-4 of article 72).
For example, when election commissions hold a press conference on the eve of the upcoming elections, the following documents may be included in the press kit.
1. The composition of the election commission with functional responsibilities and contact information.
2. Calendar plan of activities for the preparation and conduct of elections.
3. Information about registered candidates.
4. List of electoral districts.
5. Excerpts from legislation concerning the most typical situations during the electoral process.
6. One of the most interesting new program interviews with the Chairman of the Central Election Commission of Russia.
7. The latest issue of the Bulletin of the Central Election Commission of Russia or the “Journal of Elections”, containing information close to the topic of the press conference.
Articles refer to the form of materials that can be prepared not only by professional journalists, but also by election commission workers themselves and transmitted ready-made to the media. Articles can be informative, aimed solely at conveying certain information to the readership, as well as analytical, containing a detailed study of a particular problem. In addition, there are articles of a review nature and devoted to the description of a specific case. As a special genre, we should highlight the author's article, which is written on behalf of the chairman or members of the election commission and is designed to reflect the most interesting aspects of the activities of the election commission and emphasize their competence.
Appeals and statements from election commissions are intended to announce and explain the position of election commissions on a particular issue. They can also serve as a means of increasing voter turnout, preventing the use of “dirty” election technologies, and refuting or confirming facts and information related to elections or the activities of election commissions. Typically, appeals and statements from election commissions are short and unambiguous documents addressed to all voters or a specific target group (candidates, members of political parties, etc.).
PRACTICUM
OFFICIAL STATEMENT OF THE ELECTION COMMISSION OF THE MUNICIPAL FORMATION “THE CITY OF ASTRAKHAN”
The attacks on the election commission of the city of Astrakhan, caused by its decision to go to court over the cancellation of the registration of one of the mayoral candidates, did not come as a surprise to anyone. In this regard, we declare that any accusations of a subjective approach on the part of the city election commission are unfounded.
The legal basis for going to court was serious financial violations on the part of the candidate during his campaign. Financing your election campaign with the funds of another candidate is illegal, as it contradicts paragraph 5 of Art. 48 of the Federal Law “On the Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the Right to Participate in a Referendum of Citizens of the Russian Federation.”
A candidate who has gone through more than one election campaign with varying degrees of success and is himself one of the developers of the regional Law “On the election of deputies of representative bodies of local self-government and heads of municipalities in the Astrakhan Region” must
We are well aware of the requirements of the current legislation, which are mandatory for all participants in the election campaign without exception. The city election commission's appeal to the court was a natural result of the violations committed by the candidate. The failure of the candidate's representatives to appear in court on November 23, 2004 caused the court hearing to be postponed to November 26, 2004. Regardless of the decision of the district court on the issue of canceling the registration of a candidate, the duty of the election commission of the city of Astrakhan is to respond to any violations of the current election legislation.
O. Shein’s statement about “large-scale and forced” early voting in the city is also completely groundless. According to Russian law, any citizen has the right to vote early. To do this, he only needs to write an application to the relevant election commission indicating a valid reason: business trip, vacation, performance of official duties on election day, etc. About 200 people voted in the city mayoral election 6 days early. For a city with a number of voters of more than 367 thousand, such figures, even with a big stretch, cannot be called “m.scale.”
In conclusion, we would like to add that no accusations against the election commission of the city of Astrakhan are a reason for it to deviate from the requirements of election legislation, limit the rights of citizens to early voting, or turn a blind eye to violations by candidates during the election campaign.
Chairman of the election commission of the municipal formation “city of Astrakhan” S.V. ANTONOV.
Nesterova I.A. Mass media, types, functions, role and influence // Nesterov Encyclopedia
The media are the most important tool for social development in the modern world. However, in dishonest hands, the media turns into a sophisticated propaganda tool. Thus, the European media have been convincing EU residents for many years that refugees are good. The consequences were an increase in crime and a loss of moral principles.
Types of mediaApproach to media(abbreviated as media) as a kind of expressers of opinions and instruments for obtaining and disseminating socially significant information is reflected in the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Mass Media”. Types of media defined by law: A mass media means a periodical printed publication, an online publication, a television channel, a radio channel, a television program, a radio program, a video program, a newsreel program, or another form of periodic dissemination of mass information under a permanent name (name). Law N 2124-1 is basic in the sphere of legal regulation of relations arising regarding the organization of the activities of the media, their relations with citizens and organizations, and the procedure for disseminating mass information. |
Today, one of the main elements of the successful activities of government bodies, political parties, business and other organizations is the development of a comprehensive program of relations with the media. Indeed, organizations or individual politicians who establish bilateral relations with the public achieve wide popularity, have a favorable image, and enjoy the trust and respect of the population, which ensures good attitude towards them on their part.
The first step in developing a successful media relations program is to appoint a public relations manager. He must be a person who is constantly looking for new ways to increase the popularity of the organization, especially through contacts with the media, and also making sure that its authority becomes more and more significant.
The second step requires that the organization's leadership devote the time, resources, and effort necessary to successfully communicate the message.
Once these two steps have been taken, there is a period of ongoing use of public relations and media relations tools to benefit the specific needs of the organization.
It is difficult to imagine how much information is now bombarding the average person. Let's say in the USA 50 thousand new book titles are published annually. Over the same period of time, an American child sees 20 thousand advertising clips on TV. More than 12 thousand magazines and 2000 newspapers are published in the country, about 10 thousand radio stations operate, and over 1200 television stations broadcast their signals. These and many other means and channels of information dissemination, which are communication systems, are constantly evolving. Recently, computer information networks have become very widespread. And each of these means seeks to attract the attention of the audience.
In addition to the quantitative growth of means and channels of information, their technical re-equipment, we are gradually moving towards political pluralism. Along with state, independent and commercial channels of information, there is an expansion in the range of printed publications of political parties and public organizations, and an increase in their influence on the formation of public opinion. All this indicates that a person in his daily life is faced with a continuously growing flow of messages, appeals and appeals. It's probably safe to say that each of us is influenced or targeted by hundreds and hundreds of different messages every day.
Do the average person need all of them? Of course no. Many people simply isolate themselves from the multitude of information in which they have little or no interest. Many messages will be missed because the person is busy with other things and simply “switches off.” But still, human attention remains the object of fierce competition. Since there are too many competitors and it is not always easy for a person to protect himself from the onslaught of those who are after his attention, he is forced to approach information selectively and even resist. Not everyone can break through such protection. Even fewer "hunters" are capable of influencing people, so it is not surprising that some communications experts have dubbed the public the "stubborn public."
In such an environment cluttered with messages, the means of communication that peermen use also have to compete. Their task, firstly, is to attract the attention of the audience. Secondly, stimulate interest in the content of your messages. Third, develop the desire of target groups of the public to act in accordance with messages. And fourth, direct the actions of those who respond to messages. However, completing such a task and making the communication process more effective is not as simple as it might seem at first glance.
There is a preconception that information transfer and communication are one and the same. In fact, the dissemination of information is often confused with communication. Such confusion occurs in cases where material transmitted by the media (video clips, radio stories, newspaper reports, etc.) is considered an act of communication.
The student of communication studies people as they interact with each other, their groups, organizations, and society at large. They influence each other, inform some and are informed by others, teach some and learn from others, entertain some and are entertained through the efforts of others with the help of certain signs that exist independently of each of them. To understand the process of human communication, it is necessary to understand how people communicate with each other.
Communication is a two-way process of exchanging messages (signals), based on generally accepted concepts and determined both by the content of the relationship between communicators A and B, and by the social environment.
Messages or signals are sent, as a rule, for the purpose of informing, instructing or persuading those persons and objects at whom these messages are intended. But at the same time, each such task has some peculiarities. For example, the information process contains the following four stages: 1) attracting attention to communication; 2) achieving message perception; 3) interpretation of the message in a predetermined form; 4) saving information for future use. Instruction, as a demanding process, adds another step: 5) stimulating active learning and practice. The persuasion process goes even further, adding a sixth stage: 6) perception of change (readiness to act in accordance with the desire or point of view of the sender of the appeal). It is clear that the barriers to achieving desired results through information, instruction and persuasion increase with the advent of the fifth and sixth stages in the communication process.
The effectiveness of the communication component of the PR program implementation largely depends on what forms of communication are used to disseminate messages. Conventional means of communication used in public relations and peer relations are usually classified into uncontrolled and controlled.
The use of uncontrolled means means sending news about the organization to the media or specialized channels. Therefore, the publishers or editors-in-chief responsible for the work of these channels become the target public for the peermen, on which the ability to disseminate the message about the organization depends. The purpose of this form of communication is to achieve positive coverage of the promotions and events organized by the organization. Typical forms of disseminating news about the life of an organization through the media are press releases, articles, photographs and press conferences.
They are called uncontrolled because the pierman, having sent a message to the media, loses control over its further dissemination. The editor or other employees of the news channel may, without the consent of the peerman, at their own discretion, print it in whole, in part, or not pay attention to it at all; It may also happen that, having put aside Pierman's message, the editor will send a correspondent to the organization to independently prepare material about it. Since neither the organization nor the publicist pays the information channel the cost of publishing or other forms of disseminating the message, as is the case with advertising, the fate of this material depends entirely on the will of media workers.
In contrast to uncontrolled, controlled are those means of communication that disseminate information about the organization at its expense. In this case, the form, content of the material, and its location are in the hands of the organization that prepares the message. Forms of controlled means of communication can be brochures, news bulletins, reports; forms of video materials such as films, slides, etc.; interpersonal communication such as speeches , rallies, meetings, interviews, etc. Controlled means also include institutional advertising designed to strengthen the image of the organization; propaganda advertising that defends the organization’s point of view on a controversial issue, and other forms of advertising materials.
Considering that the pierman addresses various groups of the public through the media, which by their nature are public communication channels, he is obliged to maintain the purity of these channels. He must never intentionally or unintentionally mislead the media.
Relations with media workers."Deserved" favorable press coverage is the result of good connections with the media. Representatives of the press are just ordinary mortals, like everyone else. They have their own strengths and weaknesses, likes and dislikes. Achieving mutual trust and respect with members of the press takes time and patience.
If media representatives know a candidate personally, they will be more willing to listen to him. And if they listen to it more, there is an increased likelihood that it will receive positive press.
The candidate and his team members must not be biased towards journalists. Journalists are not the enemy. It is best to forget about previous clashes and misunderstandings. If a candidate and his campaign committee are suspicious of the press, the press will retaliate in kind.
The media, elected representatives of government, and candidates fighting for seats in representative bodies have a common audience - the public. Media workers communicate with her directly. At the same time, every candidate or person already in power is required to deal with the press in order to inform the public.
The fundamental principles of media relations include the following:
1. To gain access to the press, you need to find out who represents it and how they work.
2. To have good press, a candidate must present his appeals and messages in such a way that they are understandable to reporters and can be easily printed.
Compilation of complete lists of media. To facilitate communication with the media, a thorough, detailed, and constantly updated list of media outlets is compiled. It should cover all daily, weekly and monthly publications, as well as television and radio stations serving the population of the constituency.
In addition to information about journalists and reporters, it is also desirable to have information about media managers - editors and publishers.
Additional channels of information. The sources of information for many printed publications, radio and television stations are foreign and domestic telegraph agencies. The press secretary of the election campaign must have their telephone numbers, the names of the heads of central and local branches, the names of reporters covering a particular range of issues, and have an idea of the political orientation of such agencies
It is also necessary to compile a list of independent journalists who send their own materials to various media outlets.
It is known that, in addition to political parties that have their own media, there are quite a lot of public organizations, unions, religious organizations, and associations that also print and distribute newspapers and newsletters. This group of organizations will readily respond to requests to print materials that address issues of particular interest to them.
To successfully communicate with the media, you need to have an understanding of how news is collected. The news industry operates in a hurry, on "borrowed time." Reporters are very busy people. The campaign message is just one of many they need to process and convey. When reporting fast news, reporters and editors do not have time to analyze all the facts to prepare a story. There is not enough time for a full report on the event. A thirty-second report on an event, based on a candidate's submission, on a five-minute local news broadcast on radio or television is pretty good coverage.
Media workers' constant lack of time can be turned to their advantage. To do this, they are provided with messages where it is easy to sort out the information and find the “core” on which they can string the material.
To get good press, you need to:
* Schedule messages in advance. Each material should focus on one thing. Media workers are led to believe that the story or message being conveyed to them deserves to be news.
* Use keywords. The main idea is presented in the form of a statement that can be quoted. This key point is repeated in all materials released to the press. The position should be short and simple.
* Do not overload the press with excessive information. The press is given enough facts to draw a conclusion, but not so much as to confuse the issue. Don't expect reporters to read ten-page stories. Therefore, they highlight the main thoughts and show how they develop the topic.
* Duplicate efforts. Use every available means to promote the message: press releases, phone interviews, one-on-one interviews, radio reports and newsworthy events. The main idea is repeated in all materials.
* Be consistent. Messages should always support and promote the campaign theme and be consistent with the campaign strategy. Every thought contained in an interview or article should work towards the main point of view contained in it.
* Talk to the press in “human” language. News is reported to show how problems affect a person's life. That's why they buy newspapers. Concepts and illustrations used in press materials should be presented simply and clearly, while conveying how the news or issue will matter to people's lives.
There are basic tools that should be used to promote "deserved" press coverage of an election campaign.
A media package, or press pack, is designed to provide reporters with complete background information about a candidate and his campaign. A reporter can use it as a ready-made reference when preparing stories about the candidate and the campaign. This package, as a representation of the campaign, must be sent to all news distribution channels in accordance with the list of media; it may also be presented by the candidate himself, as this gives him the opportunity to meet with reporters and editors in person.
Press releases- a reliable way to see the material in the press the way the candidate wants to see it. It is prepared by the press secretary and transmitted to the press. The press release is written in newspaper style and should focus on one issue.
Press releases are used to report on the composition of the election campaign headquarters, its further activities, actions or plans; presentation of a report or material on any issue, bringing to the attention of the public the candidate’s point of view on a particular issue; opponent's accusations; for the purpose of supporting certain actions or persons. All press releases must be carefully reviewed by the candidate and the campaign manager, or by one of them.
Basic rules for preparing a press release:
* The press release is printed on the letterhead of the candidate’s election campaign headquarters in a clear, legible font and contains its name, headquarters address, and contact phone number.
* The name of the contact person (campaign manager or press secretary) is printed in the upper right corner of the page.
* Above the title, in the left corner of the page, the stamp “For immediate distribution” is placed if there is no need to hold the material for any reason. In the latter case, they write that it is intended for distribution for a certain time, but there are no guarantees that the reporter will not use the information before the specified period.
*Uses an attention-grabbing headline to pique the reporter's or editor's interest.
* The date and place from which the press release was sent are indicated.
*The most important facts are summarized in the first paragraph. This key paragraph (lead) should answer the questions: who? What? When? Where? and why? And sometimes the question: how?
* The second paragraph contains one or two quotes from the candidate's speeches.
* Each subsequent descending paragraph should be less weighty (inverted pyramid). This is done so that the editor, if there is not enough space to place all the material, can cut off the end without distorting the main content.
* The press release is printed double-spaced on one page with large margins. It is not recommended to print on the back of the page. If the text does not fit on one page, write “see further” at the bottom and continue on the next page. At the very end of the press release text, an indent is made and a # # # sign is printed in the center of the line. This indicates the end of the material (international standard).
*Press release information must be accurate. It's important not to overdo it with editing. If a press release is prepared in newspaper style, it has a better chance of being published.
* It is necessary to avoid grammatical errors and edit the text carefully. Any mistake will undermine the credibility of the election campaign.
* The press release is submitted personally. It is sent by mail or fax only in extreme cases. The mode of operation of the media should be taken into account. Timeliness is a guarantee that the press release will be printed.
* It is necessary to keep a record of all press releases, indicating topics and dates.
Press releases. Press releases are a special type of press release. The message brings to the attention of the press the specifics of the upcoming event, which should receive coverage in the media.
Press releases are printed and distributed in much the same way as press releases. But, in addition to the title, it must be marked “Press Release,” contain no quotes, and not exceed two or three paragraphs. Press releases should also answer the questions: who? What? When? Where?
It should contain just enough information to make the event of interest to the press, but not so much that it interferes with coverage. After distributing the message, you need to remember to call and remind them about the event again.
Radio reports from the scene. In this case, the report is the recorded voice of the candidate, which is transmitted by telephone to the radio station from the scene of the event. Since radio news is broadcast for only a few minutes, such reports should not last more than 30 seconds.
You should always call the radio station in advance to find out whether such a report will be accepted. Sometimes stations will not accept a candidate's recorded application. They prefer an interview recorded by a reporter. And this is also good, since there is a chance for the candidate’s voice to be heard on the air. It is always worth agreeing to do such interviews one on one.
Field reporting, as a separate genre of radio broadcasts, is useful for press secretaries who want to convey as much information as possible in a short time. It is advisable to refer to live reports after an important press announcement during which a radio reporter was not present. They can also be used when it is necessary to make a statement, but the candidate is somewhere far away.
Today, there are many technical means that facilitate the dissemination of topical reports as a genre of radio broadcasts. They are simple and inexpensive, so they are worth using during election campaigns.
Radio and TV interviews you can give easily and confidently. As a result, it is possible to use these powerful means of communication as part of a comprehensive public relations and media relations program.
Whether the candidate is interviewing in person or someone accompanying the organization representative who will be interviewed, a fear-inducing situation can be turned into an effective method of communicating with the public and promoting the organization.
Bibliography
2) Dorothy Doty I. Publicity and Public Relations / Translation from English. 2nd edition - M.: "Filin", 1998.
3) Zverintsev A.B. Communication management: PR manager's workbook: 2nd ed. -SPb.: UNION, 1997.
Annotation. This article examines the effectiveness of using the media in foreign language lessons. The place of using the media in teaching foreign language speech to students is determined.
Keywords: media, teaching, listening, educational process.
The media are often used in teaching. They are effective for various types of activities in foreign language lessons, including listening.
With the help of media, such as video, you can solve the problem of lack of handouts (teaching aids) and speed up the pace of the lesson, that is, the performance of students.
Additionally, when planning a lesson, keep in mind that media can be combined with other types of visuals and should only form part of a lesson, not the entire lesson. According to educational standards, elementary school students can work with the media for no more than twenty minutes, since then there is a difficult switch to the main topic of the lesson.
There is a high motivation of students to learn a foreign language when using dynamic tools that provide a variety of forms of learning from listening to audio recordings and watching videos to working with computer audio programs.
The media make the lesson more exciting, dynamic, informative and lead to better learning results.
The media are dynamic multimedia, as they allow the use of thematic images, videos, graphic material with speech and sound, directly related to the topic of the lesson.
Such means are actively included in education due to the simultaneous exposure to graphic, sound, photo and video information. They improve learning efficiency.
Most researchers, including E.I. Pasov, S.I. Petrushin, E.N. Solovova, G.V. Rogov agree that teaching listening skills is most effectively mastered in primary school, at the initial stages of learning a foreign language.
Mass media, such as video, through the use of illustrations, diagrams, tables, sound and video, facilitate the perception of the material and contribute to its better assimilation.
When teaching listening in English lessons, the following effective types of media can be distinguished: animation, computer educational games, videos, video players, multimedia galleries, audio file players, Internet applications, Internet magazines.
The media can be used to provide a variety of learning activities and increase student motivation and learning efficiency.
The media can be used in the following ways when teaching listening comprehension in English lessons:
1. use ready-made media materials (television, radio, audio programs for learning a foreign language);
2. use media-based programs developed by the teacher or students, or jointly;
3. use of media from educational sites and Internet resources.
A modern educational and methodological complex (EMC) comes with a portfolio of programs with audio and video exercises on the topic being studied, which can be used individually (each student works at a computer) and collectively (using projectors, sound devices and interactive whiteboards). But these programs, in most cases, are adapted for the educational process and differ from reality in their formality and simplicity than similar situations presented in the media.
A large selection of topics and activities, clarity, colorfulness, excitement and accessibility of tasks based on the use of media increase students' interest in learning a foreign language.
Programs using media, developed directly by the teacher, make it possible to take into account the characteristics of students and individualize learning, making it personality-oriented. Students can use the media while doing homework and for project activities - a popular, modern technique used.
To increase student motivation, many teachers use Internet resources, which make it possible to additionally “include” such an important element of learning as interest in the subject being studied. Generating interest or motivation to learn is one of the most difficult elements in the educational process.
In this case, using the popularity of the Internet among students, this can be done using fairly simple means.
It should be noted that most teachers prefer to use the Internet along with traditional teaching tools, integrating it into the educational process. Audio fairy tales, costume scenes, multimedia educational programs, educational videos presented on the Internet are widely used by modern teachers to form and develop listening skills in foreign language lessons.
The use of the media improves the quality of learning and mastery of the material, in particular, it contributes to the effective conduct of lessons - listening. These tools reduce student fatigue, make it possible to present the material clearly and make it easier to perceive and assimilate.
Researchers believe that educational material that has an emotional impact on students is better absorbed, and the knowledge that is not only learned but also experienced is stronger.
The use of media in English lessons requires special technical equipment: a computer, a projector, an interactive whiteboard. Interactive learning tools are replacing traditional learning tools. Thus, the regular whiteboard is being replaced by an interactive one, tablets and netbooks are replacing textbooks, which makes it possible to use various media for educational purposes.
The effectiveness of modern technologies has been tested by time, but learning without the use of modern technologies is less effective and impossible. The quality of teaching depends on the equipment of the classroom and their competent use in foreign language lessons.
The media are playing an increasingly important role in the life of modern people, so it is understandable that students want to watch television programs in English. The use of information materials in the classroom allows students not only to get acquainted with the most typical, common means and forms of expression of the journalistic style of speech and helps in learning to listen to authentic English speech, informs them about new events, expands knowledge about the socio-political life of the country, that is, expands cultural competence of students.
The widespread use of video technology has allowed teachers to actively use various types of media as educational material for comprehensive work on learning the English language, with the aim of developing speech and listening skills.
Exercises to consolidate audio material from various types of media (television, Internet, radio, news portals) depend on the learning objectives, the stage within which a certain level of auditing skills is formed (recognition and recognition of phonemes and sounds that are individual in their structure) and skills.
Towards the end of the initial stage of teaching a foreign language, video recordings of news or individual storylines are often used.
Having entered the educational process and become an integral component of learning, the media acquired their specific status and took a place justified by the methodology. Involving such materials in the educational process required a special methodological approach, which is based on the following principles:
1) on understanding the specific structure of the sphere of audiovisual media in the conditions of a given language environment;
2) on knowledge of the mechanisms of perception of this material;
3) on identifying the actual linguistic features involved in teaching materials.
L.V. Bankevich in her research argued that listening to speech with visual support is easier than without it, not only because the visual channel has 6.5 times greater capacity than the auditory one, but also because visual material provides establishing semantic connections between audio and visual information.
Thus, it is necessary and advisable to use the media in foreign language lessons. These tools make the lesson more interesting, active, varied, and exciting. However, it must be remembered that the means used should not overlap the main material being received or distract students from mastering the topic in the lesson.
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