At one time, M. Bulgakov’s satirical story caused a lot of talk. In “Heart of a Dog” the heroes of the work are bright and memorable; the plot is fantasy mixed with reality and subtext, in which sharp criticism of the Soviet regime is openly read. Therefore, the work was very popular in the 60s among dissidents, and in the 90s, after its official publication, it was even recognized as prophetic.
The theme of the tragedy of the Russian people is clearly visible in this work; in “Heart of a Dog” the main characters enter into an irreconcilable conflict with each other and will never understand each other. And, although the proletarians won in this confrontation, Bulgakov in the novel reveals to us the whole essence of the revolutionaries and their type of new man in the person of Sharikov, leading us to the idea that they will not create or do anything good.
There are only three main characters in “Heart of a Dog,” and the narrative is mainly told from Bormenthal’s diary and through the dog’s monologue.
A character who appeared as a result of an operation from the mongrel Sharik. A transplant of the pituitary gland and gonads of the drunkard and rowdy Klim Chugunkin turned a sweet and friendly dog into Poligraf Poligrafych, a parasite and a hooligan.
Sharikov embodies all the negative traits of the new society: he spits on the floor, throws cigarette butts, does not know how to use the restroom and constantly swears. But this is not even the worst thing - Sharikov quickly learned to write denunciations and found a calling in killing his eternal enemies, cats. And while he deals only with cats, the author makes it clear that he will do the same with people who stand in his way.
Bulgakov saw this base power of the people and a threat to the entire society in the rudeness and narrow-mindedness with which the new revolutionary government resolves issues.
An experimenter who uses innovative developments in solving the problem of rejuvenation through organ transplantation. He is a famous world scientist, a respected surgeon, whose “speaking” surname gives him the right to experiment with nature.
I was used to living in grand style - servants, a house of seven rooms, luxurious dinners. His patients are former nobles and high revolutionary officials who patronize him.
Preobrazhensky is a respectable, successful and self-confident person. The professor is an opponent of any terror and Soviet power, calls them “idlers and idlers.” He considers affection the only way to communicate with living beings and denies the new government precisely for its radical methods and violence. His opinion: if people are accustomed to culture, then the devastation will disappear.
The rejuvenation operation yielded an unexpected result - the dog turned into a human. But the man turned out to be completely useless, uneducable and absorbing the worst. Philip Philipovich concludes that nature is not a field for experiments and he interfered with its laws in vain.
Ivan Arnoldovich is completely and completely devoted to his teacher. At one time, Preobrazhensky took an active part in the fate of a half-starved student - he enrolled him in the department, and then took him on as an assistant.
The young doctor tried in every possible way to develop Sharikov culturally, and then completely moved in with the professor, as it became more and more difficult to cope with the new person.
The apotheosis was the denunciation that Sharikov wrote against the professor. At the climax, when Sharikov took out a revolver and was ready to use it, it was Bromenthal who showed firmness and toughness, while Preobrazhensky hesitated, not daring to kill his creation.
The positive characterization of the heroes of “Heart of a Dog” emphasizes how important honor and self-dignity are for the author. Bulgakov described himself and his doctor-relatives in many of the same traits as both doctors, and in many ways would have acted the same way as them.
The newly elected chairman of the house committee, who hates the professor as a class enemy. This is a schematic hero, without deep reasoning.
Shvonder completely bows to the new revolutionary government and its laws, and in Sharikov he sees not a person, but a new useful unit of society - he can buy textbooks and magazines, participate in meetings.
Sh. can be called Sharikov’s ideological mentor; he tells him about his rights in Preobrazhensky’s apartment and teaches him how to write denunciations. The chairman of the house committee, due to his narrow-mindedness and lack of education, always hesitates and gives in in conversations with the professor, but this makes him hate him even more.
The list of characters in the story would not be complete without two au pairs - Zina and Daria Petrovna. They recognize the superiority of the professor, and, like Bormenthal, are completely devoted to him and agree to commit a crime for the sake of their beloved master. They proved this at the time of the repeated operation to transform Sharikov into a dog, when they were on the side of the doctors and accurately followed all their instructions.
You have become acquainted with the characteristics of the heroes of Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog,” a fantastic satire that anticipated the collapse of Soviet power immediately after its emergence - the author, back in 1925, showed the whole essence of those revolutionaries and what they were capable of.
Work test
At one time, M. Bulgakov’s satirical story caused a lot of talk. In “Heart of a Dog” the heroes of the work are bright and memorable; the plot is fantasy mixed with reality and subtext, in which sharp criticism of the Soviet regime is openly read. Therefore, the work was very popular in the 60s among dissidents, and in the 90s, after its official publication, it was even recognized as prophetic.
The theme of the tragedy of the Russian people is clearly visible in this work; in “Heart of a Dog” the main characters enter into an irreconcilable conflict with each other and will never understand each other. And, although the proletarians won in this confrontation, Bulgakov in the novel reveals to us the whole essence of the revolutionaries and their type of new man in the person of Sharikov, leading us to the idea that they will not create or do anything good.
There are only three main characters in “Heart of a Dog,” and the narrative is mainly told from Bormenthal’s diary and through the dog’s monologue.
A character who appeared as a result of an operation from the mongrel Sharik. A transplant of the pituitary gland and gonads of the drunkard and rowdy Klim Chugunkin turned a sweet and friendly dog into Poligraf Poligrafych, a parasite and a hooligan.
Sharikov embodies all the negative traits of the new society: he spits on the floor, throws cigarette butts, does not know how to use the restroom and constantly swears. But this is not even the worst thing - Sharikov quickly learned to write denunciations and found a calling in killing his eternal enemies, cats. And while he deals only with cats, the author makes it clear that he will do the same with people who stand in his way.
Bulgakov saw this base power of the people and a threat to the entire society in the rudeness and narrow-mindedness with which the new revolutionary government resolves issues.
An experimenter who uses innovative developments in solving the problem of rejuvenation through organ transplantation. He is a famous world scientist, a respected surgeon, whose “speaking” surname gives him the right to experiment with nature.
I was used to living in grand style - servants, a house of seven rooms, luxurious dinners. His patients are former nobles and high revolutionary officials who patronize him.
Preobrazhensky is a respectable, successful and self-confident person. The professor is an opponent of any terror and Soviet power, calls them “idlers and idlers.” He considers affection the only way to communicate with living beings and denies the new government precisely for its radical methods and violence. His opinion: if people are accustomed to culture, then the devastation will disappear.
The rejuvenation operation yielded an unexpected result - the dog turned into a human. But the man turned out to be completely useless, uneducable and absorbing the worst. Philip Philipovich concludes that nature is not a field for experiments and he interfered with its laws in vain.
Ivan Arnoldovich is completely and completely devoted to his teacher. At one time, Preobrazhensky took an active part in the fate of a half-starved student - he enrolled him in the department, and then took him on as an assistant.
The young doctor tried in every possible way to develop Sharikov culturally, and then completely moved in with the professor, as it became more and more difficult to cope with the new person.
The apotheosis was the denunciation that Sharikov wrote against the professor. At the climax, when Sharikov took out a revolver and was ready to use it, it was Bromenthal who showed firmness and toughness, while Preobrazhensky hesitated, not daring to kill his creation.
The positive characterization of the heroes of “Heart of a Dog” emphasizes how important honor and self-dignity are for the author. Bulgakov described himself and his doctor-relatives in many of the same traits as both doctors, and in many ways would have acted the same way as them.
The newly elected chairman of the house committee, who hates the professor as a class enemy. This is a schematic hero, without deep reasoning.
Shvonder completely bows to the new revolutionary government and its laws, and in Sharikov he sees not a person, but a new useful unit of society - he can buy textbooks and magazines, participate in meetings.
Sh. can be called Sharikov’s ideological mentor; he tells him about his rights in Preobrazhensky’s apartment and teaches him how to write denunciations. The chairman of the house committee, due to his narrow-mindedness and lack of education, always hesitates and gives in in conversations with the professor, but this makes him hate him even more.
The list of characters in the story would not be complete without two au pairs - Zina and Daria Petrovna. They recognize the superiority of the professor, and, like Bormenthal, are completely devoted to him and agree to commit a crime for the sake of their beloved master. They proved this at the time of the repeated operation to transform Sharikov into a dog, when they were on the side of the doctors and accurately followed all their instructions.
You have become acquainted with the characteristics of the heroes of Bulgakov’s “Heart of a Dog,” a fantastic satire that anticipated the collapse of Soviet power immediately after its emergence - the author, back in 1925, showed the whole essence of those revolutionaries and what they were capable of.
Work test
Sharikov Poligraf Poligrafovich is one of the main characters in M. A. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog.” At the beginning of the story, Sharikov is just a good-natured yard dog, whom Professor Preobrazhensky picks up. He treats the dog's wound and treats him well. Sharik is happy with life.
“They take care of me,” thought the dog, “a very good person. I know who it is. He is a wizard, magician and magician from a dog’s fairy tale...”
As a result of an experiment on pituitary gland transplantation, Sharikov is born. At first the professor thought that he had succeeded in creating
A human being, but it soon becomes clear that, in fact, he managed to “resurrect” the criminal Klim Chugunkin.
“You stand at the lowest stage of development,” Philip Philipovich shouted, “you are still just an emerging, mentally weak creature, all your actions are purely bestial...”
Sharikov is immoral and stupid, he has neither honor nor conscience. He is deprived of even the rudiments of morality and nobility. He begins his new life playing the balalaika, drinking and swearing. He harasses women, damages furniture, and causes a flood in the apartment. The dog Sharik turned out to be “such scum,
It makes your hair stand on end.” Sharikov receives the support of the authorities in the person of Shvonder, who sees him as a proletarian and a full-fledged member of society. Sharikov probably only had a dislike for cats left from the dog. Shvonder finds him a job he likes - now he runs the cat catching department. But even here Sharikov shows cruelty, which is not characteristic of either animals or people.
Professor Preobrazhensky steadfastly endures the tricks of his ward and at first harbors hope for his re-education. But the dog-man's behavior is getting worse every day. Sharikov crosses all boundaries when he writes a denunciation against the professor and threatens to kill him.
“But who is he? Klim, Klim. Here's the thing: two criminal records, alcoholism, “divide everything”, a hat and two ducats were gone..... A boor and a pig...”
Preobrazhensky performs a “reverse” operation and the kind, affectionate dog Sharik returns to the world again. With the words of Professor Preobrazhensky, the author seems to draw a line, a conclusion: “Science does not yet know a way to turn animals into people.” And the real beast was not the dog Sharik, but the soulless and cruel Klim Chugunkin.
Let's consider Sharikov's speech characteristics. Sharikov clearly and simply expresses his thoughts in simple sentences - this demonstrates his ethics. Most often expressed in short remarks: “What’s the matter! It’s a simple matter,” “What am I, a convict?”, “I don’t want to be a deserter,” “Du... gu-gu!”, “I’m not a gentleman, the gentlemen are all in Paris.”
Sharikov has no consistency in the construction of judgments; neighboring concepts are connected in his speech by a probable, causeless connection, which testifies to his ethics (as the opposite of logic). Presence of introductory words in speech: “Of course, how...we understand, sir! What kind of comrades we are to you! Where else! We didn’t study at universities, we didn’t live in fifteen-room apartments! Only now, maybe it’s time to leave it. Nowadays, everyone has their own right...” His assessments and judgments are subjective. There are comparative turnovers: “You have everything like on parade, a napkin here, a tie here, yes, “excuse me,” yes, “please, merci,” but in a way that’s real, that’s not the case. You are torturing yourself, just like during the tsarist regime.”
Sharikov talks about how a person should live, what rights he has. Persistently defends its interests: “For mercy, how can we do without a document? I'm really sorry. You know, a person without a document is strictly prohibited from existing.” Sharikov’s emotions are strong and colorful, he does not hold back expressing his emotions - he is irrational: “Yesterday cats were strangled, strangled...” Sharik is a pronounced sensory person, because he is a dog and perceives everything through his senses: eyes, ears, nose, tongue: “There is absolutely no need to learn to read when meat already smells a mile away,” “... the woman’s skirt smelled like lily of the valley.”
In order to fully determine the type to which Sharikov belongs, we will also analyze some of the author’s characteristics. For Sharikov, the best way to understand the world is through the senses, which confirms his sensory ability: “He contemplated his shoes, and this gave him great pleasure,” “Sharikov poured the contents of the glass into his throat, wrinkled his face, brought a piece of bread to his nose, sniffed it, and then swallowed it, and his eyes filled with tears.”
Sharikov is quite secretive, restraining his feelings deep within himself, which only an attentive interlocutor can guess: “Sharikov took these words extremely carefully and keenly, which was visible in his eyes.”
Sharikov is attracted to situations of new, unusual beginnings, cannot sit still, is always ready for activity: “Taking advantage of Bormenthal’s short absence, he took possession of his razor and ripped open his cheekbones so that Philip Philipovich and Dr. Bormental put stitches on the cut, causing Sharikov to howl for a long time, bursting into tears.”
Analysis of these characteristics showed that Sharikov is the complete opposite of Professor Preobrazhensky in all mental functions.
Sharik and Sharikov are one hero. They are distinguished by the fact that Sharik is a dog, and Sharikov is the person that Sharik turned into after the operation. The dynamics from Sharik to Sharikov are such that Sharik is rational, and Sharikov is irrational, and at the same time they are both sensory-ethical introverts. Having summarized the results obtained, we compile the following table.
Ball- the main character of M. A. Bulgakov’s fantastic story “The Heart of a Dog”, a stray dog who was picked up and sheltered by Professor Preobrazhensky. This is an eternally hungry, frozen, homeless dog that wanders in the gateways in search of food. At the beginning of the story, we learn that a cruel cook scalded his side, and now he is afraid to ask anyone for food, lies against the cold wall and waits for the end. But suddenly the smell of sausage comes from somewhere and he, unable to bear it, follows her. A mysterious gentleman walked along the sidewalk, who not only treated him to sausage, but also invited him to his home. Since then, Sharik began a completely different life.
The professor took good care of him, cured his sore side, brought him into proper shape and fed him several times a day. Soon Sharik began to turn away even from the roast beef. The rest of the residents of the professor's large apartment also treated Sharik well. In return, he was ready to faithfully serve his master and savior. Sharik himself was a smart dog. He knew how to distinguish letters on street signs, knew exactly where the Glavryba store was in Moscow, where the meat counters were. Soon something strange happened to him. Professor Preobrazhensky decided to conduct an amazing experiment on human organ transplantation.
The experiment was a success, but after that Sharik gradually began to take on a human form and behave like the previous owner of the transplanted organs - the thief and repeat offender Klim Grigorievich Chugunkin, who died in a fight. So Sharik turned from a kind and smart dog into an ill-mannered boor, an alcoholic and a rowdy named Poligraph Poligrafovich Sharikov.
Preobrazhensky Philip Philipovich- the central character of M. A. Bulgakov’s fantastic story “The Heart of a Dog”, a luminary of medicine of world significance, an experimental surgeon who has achieved remarkable results in the field of rejuvenation. The professor lives and works in Moscow on Prechistenka. He has a seven-room apartment, where he conducts his experiments. Housekeepers Zina, Daria Petrovna and temporarily his assistant Bormental live with him. It was Philip Philipovich who decided to conduct a unique experiment on a stray dog to transplant a human pituitary gland and testes.
He used the stray dog Sharik as a test subject. The results of his experiment exceeded expectations, as Sharik began to take on a human appearance. However, as a result of this physical and psychological humanization, Sharik turned into a terrible rude man, a drunkard and a lawbreaker. The professor connected this with the fact that he transplanted the organs of Klim Chugunkin, a rowdy, recidivist thief, alcoholic and hooligan, into the dog. Over time, rumors about a dog that turned into a man leaked to the light and an official document was issued to Preobrazhensky’s creation in the name of Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. Moreover, the chairman of the house committee, Shvonder, forced Philip Fillipovich to register Sharikov in the apartment as a full-fledged inhabitant.
Sharikov acts as the complete opposite of the professor, which leads to an insoluble conflict. When Preobrazhensky asked him to leave the apartment, the matter ended with threats with a revolver. Without hesitating a moment longer, the professor decided to correct his mistake and, having put Sharikov to sleep, performed a second operation, which returned the dog’s kind heart and former appearance.
Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov- the main negative character of the story “Heart of a Dog”, the man into whom the dog Sharik turned after the operation of Professor Preobrazhensky. At the beginning of the story, it was a kind and harmless dog that the professor picked up. After an experimental operation to implant human organs, he gradually took on a human form and behaved like a human, albeit an immoral one. His moral qualities left much to be desired, since the transplanted organs belonged to the deceased repeat offender Klim Chugunkin. Soon the newly converted dog was given the name Poligraf Poligrafovich Sharikov and given a passport.
Sharikov became a real problem for the professor. He was rowdy, harassed neighbors, pestered servants, used foul language, got into fights, stole and drank a lot. As a result, it became clear that he inherited all these habits from the previous owner of the transplanted pituitary gland. Immediately after receiving his passport, he got a job as the head of the department for clearing Moscow of stray animals. Sharikov's cynicism and callousness forced the professor to carry out another operation to turn him back into a dog. Fortunately, he still had Sharikov’s pituitary gland, so at the end of the story Sharikov again became a kind and affectionate dog, without boorish habits.
Bormental Ivan Arnoldovich- one of the main characters of M. A. Bulgakov’s story “The Heart of a Dog”, assistant and assistant to Professor Preobrazhensky. This young doctor is fundamentally honest and noble by nature. He is completely devoted to his teacher and is always ready to help. He cannot be called weak-willed, since at the right moment he knows how to show strength of character. Preobrazhensky accepted Bormental as an assistant when he was still a student at the department. Immediately after graduation, the capable student became an assistant professor.
In a conflict situation that arose between Sharikov and Preobrazhensky, he takes the professor’s side and tries in every possible way to protect him and other characters. Sharikov was once just a stray dog that was picked up and sheltered by a professor. For experimental purposes, the human pituitary gland and testes were transplanted into him. Over time, the dog not only became more human, but also began to behave like a person, like the previous owner of the transplanted organs - the thief and repeat offender Klim Chugunkin. When rumors about the new resident reached the house committee, Sharik was given documents in the name of Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov and was registered in the professor’s apartment.
Bormenthal carefully monitored the behavior of this impudent and ill-mannered creature, not even disdaining physical violence. He had to temporarily move in with the professor to help deal with Sharikov, whom he almost strangled in his rage. Then the professor had to perform a second operation to turn Sharikov back into a dog.
Shvonder- a minor character in the story “Heart of a Dog”, a proletarian, the new head of the house committee. He played an important role in introducing Sharikov into society. Despite this, the author does not give him a detailed description. This is not a person, but a public face, a generalized image of the proletariat. All that is known about his appearance is that he had a thick head of curly hair. He does not like class enemies, to which he classifies Professor Prebrazhensky and demonstrates this in every possible way.
For Shvonder, the most important thing in the world is a “document,” that is, a piece of paper. Having learned that Philip Philipovich has an unregistered person living in his apartment, he immediately obliges him to register him and issue a passport in the name of Polygraph Poligrafovich Sharikov. He doesn’t care where this man came from and the fact that Sharikov is just a dog transformed as a result of an experiment. Shvonder bows to power and believes in the power of laws, regulations and documents. He doesn’t even care that the professor has made a real revolution in science and medicine. For him, Sharikov is just another unit of society, an apartment tenant who needs to be registered.
