For services provided to a bank client, the credit institution charges a commission. Its amount and terms of payment are provided for in an agreement between the bank and a commercial organization (Article 29 of the Federal Law of December 2, 1990 No. 395-1). We will tell you how the costs of bank services are reflected in accounting.
The bank usually charges commissions for the execution of payment orders, for maintaining a current account, for servicing remote banking systems (for example, “Client-Bank”), for withdrawing funds by check, for recalculating cash when deposited into the organization’s current account and etc.
Regardless of the type of bank commission, the costs of paying for bank services are reflected as part of the organization’s other expenses on account 91 “Other income and expenses” (clause 11 of PBU 10/99, Order of the Ministry of Finance dated October 31, 2000 No. 94n).
Moreover, if the bank commission is not subject to VAT, then it is more expedient to make accounting entries for the commission directly from the cash account, and if it is subject to VAT, using the settlement account:
It is possible that the bank returns the commission. For example, in case of erroneous write-off. In this case, its accounting treatment will depend on how the refundable commission was initially written off.
If the accountant identified an error immediately when making a bank statement and filed a claim with the bank in connection with an unjustified write-off, then the entries for the withdrawal of the commission and its return will be as follows:
If the commission was reflected as part of the organization’s other expenses, then its return must be reflected as part of other income. So, for example, when returning an over-deducted commission for transferring funds on behalf of a client, the accounting entry will be as follows:
Debit of accounts 51, 52, etc. - Credit of account 91, subaccount “Other income”
The bank stores funds of enterprises in their accounts, credits amounts received to these accounts, carries out orders of enterprises to transfer them and withdraw them from accounts and to carry out other banking operations provided for by banking rules and agreements. The forms of settlements between the payer and the recipient of funds are determined by the contract (agreement, separate agreements).
This helps to accelerate money turnover, prevent inflation, effectively carry out credit, settlement and cash transactions, and ensure the safety of funds.
Current accounts are opened by enterprises that are legal entities and have an independent balance sheet. A current account is the main account of an enterprise through which all monetary transactions are carried out without limiting their list. In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 21, 1995. No. 291 the number of current accounts that is necessary for making payments is determined by the enterprise itself.
The procedure for opening a current account, performing and processing transactions on it is determined by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
To open an account, the following documents are submitted to the bank:
1) Application for opening an account;
The application is signed by the manager and chief accountant of the account owner. If the staff does not have the position of chief accountant, the application is signed only by the manager.
The card with sample signatures and seal imprints is signed by the head and chief accountant of the enterprise for which the account is opened. If the company does not have the position of chief accountant, then the card is signed only by the manager.
The credit institution is obliged to transmit messages about the opening or closing of accounts to the tax service authority no later than three days following the day of the corresponding opening or closing of such accounts.
Each open account is assigned a number. This number is subsequently indicated in all documents related to the movement of funds in the current account.
Banking settlement and cash services for an enterprise are carried out under an agreement between the enterprise and the bank establishment, which stipulates the cost of banking services, the amount of interest accrued for storing funds and other obligations of the parties.
Operations on a current account, as a rule, are carried out on the basis of written orders from the account holders, drawn up in special bank documents: depositing cash - according to contribution announcements, receiving cash from a current account - using cash checks; transfer of money - according to payment orders, settlement checks, letters of credit, payment requests.
On the day of the formation of Sharpo LLC, a current account was opened in Omutninsky OSB No. 4397. The current account number and bank details are communicated to the tax authorities registering the enterprise. The company's current account receives proceeds from sold products, bank loans, accounts receivable (repayment of debts from debtors), advances of all types, cash from the cash register when paying in cash, etc. This, so to speak, is the income part of the current account, that is, the debit of current accounts.
Funds are written off from the account in accordance with Article 855 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, Part II.
If there are funds on the account, the amount of which is sufficient to satisfy all the requirements presented to the account, these funds are written off from the account in the order of receipt of client orders and other documents for write-off (calendar priority), unless otherwise provided by law.
If there are insufficient funds in the account to satisfy all demands placed on it, funds are written off in the following order:
first of all, write-offs are carried out according to executive documents providing for the transfer or issuance of funds from the account to satisfy claims for compensation for harm caused to life and health, as well as claims for the collection of alimony;
secondly, write-offs are made according to executive documents providing for the transfer or issuance of funds for settlements for the payment of severance pay and wages with persons working under an employment contract, including under a contract, for the payment of remuneration under an author's agreement;
in the third place, write-offs are made according to payment documents providing for the transfer or issuance of funds for settlements of wages with persons working under an employment agreement (contract), as well as for contributions to state extra-budgetary funds, the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation and compulsory health insurance funds;
in the fourth turn, write-offs are made on payment documents providing for payments to the budget and extra-budgetary funds, deductions to which are not provided for in the third turn;
fifthly, write-offs are made according to executive documents providing for the satisfaction of other monetary claims;
sixthly, write-offs are made for other payment documents in calendar order.
Debiting funds from the account for claims related to one queue is carried out in the calendar order of receipt of documents.
Settlement documents must meet the requirements of established standards and contain:
A rational abbreviation of the name of the payer and recipient of funds is allowed, which does not complicate the work of banks and clients;
Payment documents are accepted by the bank for execution if there are signatures made by officials who have the right to sign for settlement and monetary transactions on bank accounts. In Sharpo LLC, the head of the enterprise and his deputy have the right to sign at the bank.
Payment documents for transactions carried out by an entrepreneur without forming a legal entity are accepted for execution if they have one signature, indicated on the card with a sample signature, without a seal imprint.
Payment documents are accepted for execution regardless of their amount.
The bank accepts documents from enterprises throughout the day, depending on the bank’s working hours with clients. At the same time, documents accepted by the bank from enterprises during operating hours are posted to the balance sheet on the same day.
Payment orders are issued, as a rule, using technical means as carbon copies or by reproducing originals in the number of copies required by the bank and all parties involved in the settlements. Checks are written by hand using ink or ballpoint pens. Marks and erasures in payment documents are not allowed.
Funds are written off from the payer's accounts only on the basis of the first copy of the settlement document (document sent by fax), unless otherwise specified by the instructions of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation.
For transactions with cash, the following are used: a cash check and an announcement for a cash deposit. To receive money from its bank account, the company is issued a checkbook.
A cash check is an order from an enterprise to a bank to issue from the enterprise's current account the amount of cash indicated in it, necessary for the payment of wages, benefits or pensions, travel expenses, and business needs. The check is written out by hand in ink or ballpoint pen, with full name. the recipient of funds and the amount are written with a capital letter, always from the beginning of the line, and empty spaces in the lines are crossed out with a solid line. Simultaneously with filling out the check, its details are transferred to the counterfoil, which remains in the company’s checkbook and is a supporting document. The check is valid for 10 days from the date of its issue.
When deciding whether to issue cash for the purposes specified in the check, banks may request the necessary documents from the enterprises they serve.
For each amount received from the bank, the accountant issues a cash receipt order in the name of the recipient indicating the check number, and the receipt is attached to the bank statement.
Rice. 3 The procedure for Sharpo LLC to receive cash from the bank.
The cashier of Sharpo LLC receives money by check, having previously ordered it from the bank upon an application for booking funds. The check indicates its number, the amount of funds received, the city where the payment is made, the number, the name of the bank branch, to whom the money should be given, the signatures of the manager and chief accountant of Sharpo LLC.
Cash received by Sharpo LLC from the bank is spent specifically only for the purposes indicated on the check.
The funds received from the checkbook are received by the accountant of Sharpo LLC, who is entrusted with the duties of a cashier, to the cash desk of the enterprise.
Payments by non-cash payments are made in accordance with the “Regulations on non-cash payments in the Russian Federation” dated April 12, 2001. No. 2-P
Non-cash payments of an enterprise can be made: by payment orders; letters of credit; checks; payment.
The bank makes non-cash transfers and cash withdrawals with the consent (acceptance) of the account manager or on his instructions.
Accounting for settlements by payment orders is kept on active account 51 “Settlement accounts”. Receipt of funds to the current account is recorded in the debit of account 51, and debit of funds is recorded in the credit of account 51. Analytical accounting is carried out on current accounts opened in banks, but one current account is opened at Sharpo LLC, so analytical accounting is not maintained.
To reflect turnover on the credit of account 51, a special accounting register is used - journal order No. 2. Journal entries are made based on bank statements. At the end of each month, the totals for account 51 “Current account” are calculated and recorded in the General Ledger for account 51.
Since July 2002, at Sharpo LLC, all settlements with customers and suppliers are carried out only through a current account.
The receipt of funds to the bank account from the buyer is documented by the following transaction:
Debit 51 “Current accounts”
Credit 62 “Settlements with customers” - 60,000 rubles.
The transfer of funds from the current account is made by posting:
Debit 60 “Settlements with suppliers”
Credit 51 “Current accounts” - 100,000 rubles.
Sharpo LLC carries out settlements through the bank with suppliers, contractors, the budget and extra-budgetary funds by payment orders.
Payment order - a written order from the payer to the bank to transfer an amount of funds from his current account to the recipient's account. The payment order is issued in two copies, one of which is returned to the payer with a note from the bank about the transfer of funds. Based on the payment order, the bank employee debits money from the current account, then all turnover for the day is entered into the bank statement. The extract is issued to the company's accountant along with second copies of payment documents with the bank's mark.
The payment order must indicate the TIN of the payer and recipient of funds. The TIN is assigned by the State Tax Service of the Russian Federation when taxpayers are registered with the tax authority and is indicated in the payment order in all cases when it is assigned to the payer (recipient) of funds.
The BIC is indicated for divisions of the settlement network of the Bank of Russia, credit institutions and those branches of credit institutions to which it is assigned, in accordance with the “BIC of the Russian Federation Directory”.
The account numbers of the payer and recipient of funds, as well as the bank account numbers of the payer and recipient for which settlement transactions are carried out, are entered in the appropriate fields of the payment order.
Accounting for funds in special accounts is carried out on a separate accounting account 55 “Special accounts in banks”, which is intended to summarize information on the availability and movement of funds in domestic currency located in the country and abroad, in letters of credit, check books, deposit accounts and other payment documents, except bills of exchange.
A letter of credit is used for settlements between buyers and suppliers of goods. The buyer gives a written instruction to the bank serving him to open a letter of credit. Notices of payments made under the letter of credit are sent to the buyer's bank to debit the amounts from the payer's account.
The transfer of funds to letters of credit is reflected in the accounting entry:
Debit 55 “special accounts in banks”, sub-account “Letters of credit”;
Credit 51 “Settlement accounts” - for the amount of the issued letter of credit.
When a letter of credit is issued against a bank loan, the following entry is made:
Debit 55 “Special accounts in banks”, sub-account “Letters of credit”;
Account credit 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”
As the letter of credit is used, based on the bank statements, the following is recorded:
Debit 60 “Settlements with suppliers and contractors”
Credit 55 “Special accounts in banks”, sub-account “Letters of Credit”.
Unused funds in letters of credit, after they are returned to the bank account from which they were transferred, are reflected in the accounting records as the reverse of the credit.
A check is a security containing an unconditional order from the drawer to the bank to pay the amount specified in it to the check holder. Only a bank where the drawer has funds that he has the right to dispose of by issuing checks can be indicated as the payer of a check. Cancellation of a check before the expiration of the period for its presentation is not permitted. This is one of the differences between a check and a letter of credit.
The check must contain:
The absence of any of the specified details in the document deprives it of the validity of a check. A check that does not indicate the place of its issue is considered to be signed at the place of origin of the drawer.
Check forms are strict reporting forms.
Upon receipt of goods (provision of services), the payer writes a check from the book and passes it to the representative of the supplier or contractor, who becomes the check holder. The check holder presents the issued check to his bank office, usually the next day from the date of issue, for crediting the money to his current account.
The deposit of funds when issuing check books is taken into account in account 55 “special accounts in banks”, sub-account “Check books”, from the credit of accounts 51 “Current accounts”, 66 “Settlements on short-term loans and borrowings” and other similar accounts. As debts are paid by checks, they are written off from the credit of account 55 to the debit of account 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” and other similar accounts.
This form of payment has recently been increasingly used in single-city settlements (especially in settlements with transport organizations).
Table 3. Business transactions for May 2003.
Checks are strict reporting forms and are accounted for the balance in account 006 “Strict reporting forms” in the conditional valuation. As they are used, checks are written off from account 006 (clause 22 of the instructions approved by the GMEC protocol of June 29, 2001 No. 4/63-2001).
In accounting, reflect the receipt of check books by posting:
Debit 006 subaccount “Checkbooks”
- check books are accepted for accounting.
Reflect the bank's commission for issuing a checkbook with the following entries:
Debit 91-2 Credit 60 (76)
- the bank’s commission for issuing a checkbook is reflected;
Debit 60 (76) Credit 51
- the bank wrote off the commission for issuing a checkbook.
As you use checks, write them off by posting:
Credit 006
- used checks are written off.
In banking practice, there are two types of checks: cash and settlement. This conclusion can be drawn from paragraph 2 of clause 5.2 of the Bank of Russia Regulation No. 318-P dated April 24, 2008, paragraphs 8.1−8.4 of the Bank of Russia Regulation No. 383-P dated June 19, 2012.
Cash checks are used to withdraw cash from a current account for the current needs of the organization (for the payment of salaries, business needs and for other purposes agreed with the bank). Unlimited check books are provided for cash checks (the amount of cash issued under such books by banks is not limited).
To withdraw cash from a current account, an organization fills out a check, certifies it with the signatures of authorized persons and the organization’s seal, and submits it to the bank.
In accounting, reflect the receipt of cash from the current account by posting:
Debit 50 Credit 51
- received money from the bank by check.
Payment checks are used for non-cash payments with counterparties.
If an organization decides to pay for purchased goods (works, services) by checks, it must deposit (reserve) the funds necessary for this in a special bank account. To do this, simultaneously with the application for issuing checks, you need to submit a payment order to the bank to transfer the required amount from the current account to a special account.
Limited check books are provided for settlement checks. The amount of settlements under such books is limited to the total amount credited to the special account. In this case, the amount of settlements per check is not limited.
A settlement check is a written order to the bank to transfer a certain amount of money from the payer's account to the recipient's account. A settlement check, like a payment order, is issued by the buyer (customer), but unlike a payment order, the check is transferred not to the bank, but to the seller (executor) at the time of the business transaction. After this, the seller (executor) presents the check to his bank and receives funds from a special account from the payer’s bank. This procedure follows from paragraphs 8.1−8.4 of the Regulations approved by the Bank of Russia on June 19, 2012 No. 383-P.
In accounting, reflect the movement of funds in settlement checks in account 55-2 “Check books”.
In accounting, the movement of money in checkbooks is reflected by the following entries:
Debit 55-2 Credit 51 (52)
- deposited funds for settlements by checks;
Debit 60 (76) Credit 55-2
- funds from checks presented for payment are written off.
In some cases, part of the organization's settlement checks may remain unused. For example, this is possible if the organization refuses to make payments by checks, if the checkbook has expired, as well as when closing a bank account or changing the name of the organization. Unused checks must be returned to the bank, after which it will credit the balance of the deposited funds to the organization's current (currency) account. In accounting, reflect these transactions with the following entries:
Debit 51 (52) Credit 55-2
- unused funds previously deposited for payment of checks are credited to the current (currency) account.
Analytically Account 55-2 is kept for each checkbook received.
An example of how transactions related to the opening and use of a limited checkbook in rubles are reflected in accounting
To make payments on checks, Alfa CJSC received from the bank a limited checkbook with 100 checks and transferred funds in the amount of 300,000 rubles to a special account. In accounting, check books are reflected in account 006 in a conditional valuation equal to 1 ruble. for one check.
The bank commission for issuing a checkbook was 150 rubles. (debited from the organization's current account).
Amount 250,000 rub. was paid in five checks to Alpha suppliers. Unused amount RUB 50,000. was returned to the organization's current account, and 95 unused checks were returned to the bank.
Alpha's accountant made the following entries in the accounting records:
Debit 91-2 Credit 76
- 150 rub. - the bank’s commission for issuing a checkbook is reflected;
Debit 76 Credit 51
- 150 rub. - the bank wrote off the commission for issuing a checkbook;
Debit 55-2 Credit 51
- 300,000 rub. - deposited funds for settlements by checks;
Debit 006
- 100 rub. (100 checks × 1 rub./check) - a limited checkbook has been accepted for off-balance sheet accounting;
Debit 60 Credit 55-2
- 250,000 rub. - funds from checks presented for payment are written off;
Credit 006
- 5 rub. (5 checks × 1 rub./check) - used checks are written off;
Debit 51 Credit 55-2
- 50,000 rub. - unused funds previously deposited to pay checks are credited to the current account;
Credit 006
- 95 rub. - unused checks are written off.
If an organization has available funds and intends to receive income from placing them in a bank, then a special deposit account, on which the bank will accrue interest monthly. The bank opens such an account on the basis of a bank deposit agreement (Articles 834, 835 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), which stipulates:
After the deposit period expires, the bank will return the money from the special account to the organization’s current account.
In accounting, the movement of money in deposits is reflected in account 55-3 “Deposit accounts in banks.”
Reflect the transfer of funds to the deposit by posting:
Debit 55-3 Credit 51 (52)
- funds are transferred to a special deposit account.
When the bank returns the deposit amount, make a reverse entry.
When calculating and paying interest on a deposit, make the following entries in your accounting:
Debit 76 Credit 91-1
- interest accrued on the deposit;
Debit 51 Credit 76
- interest on the deposit is credited to the current account.
The bank deposit agreement may provide for the payment of the entire amount of interest on the deposit upon expiration of the period of storage of funds on deposit. In this case, interest accumulates in the deposit account during the entire period of storage of the money, and then the bank transfers it to the settlement (currency) account of the organization. Reflect such transactions in accounting with the following entries:
Debit 55-3 Credit 76
- interest on the deposit is credited to the deposit account;
Debit 51 (52) Credit 55-3
- interest on the deposit is credited to the current (currency) account.
Analytical accounting for account 55-3 “Deposit accounts” is maintained for each deposit separately.
Since deposits are recognized as financial investments (clause 3 of PBU 19/02), their accounting can be kept in account 58 “Financial investments”. The organization establishes the method of accounting for the movement of money on deposit in its accounting policy.
An organization can open a special bank account for payments by bank cards. Such an account is opened on the basis of an agreement between the bank and the organization, which stipulates specific conditions for the provision of funds and the use of bank cards (clause 1.8 of Bank of Russia Regulations dated December 24, 2004 No. 266-P).
Two types of bank cards are issued for organizations:
This procedure is provided for in clause 1.5 of the Bank of Russia Regulations dated December 24, 2004 No. 266-P.
Payment and credit bank cards can be used:
This is stated in paragraph 2.5 of the Bank of Russia Regulations dated December 24, 2004 No. 266-P.
To pay expenses, the organization issues the employee a corporate bank card. The card must belong to one of the payment systems (VISA, Eurokard/Mastercard, etc.).
Bank cards are issued to specific employees (card holders). Therefore, attach a list of employees to the agreement with the bank and indicate (if necessary) the limit on expenses in rubles or foreign currency. Several cards can be issued for one bank account (for different employees). At the same time, you can pay with one card from several accounts of the organization.
This is stated in paragraphs 2.1 and 2.2 of the Regulations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated December 24, 2004 No. 266-P.
Account the issued bank cards against the balance in account 002 “Inventory assets accepted for safekeeping” in the assessment provided for in the bank account agreement. If the price is not established by the contract, bank cards can be taken into account at a conditional valuation (clause 18 of the Methodological Instructions, approved by Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated December 28, 2001 No. 119n).
In accounting, reflect the funds credited to the corporate card in account 55 “Special bank accounts.” The card account can be ruble or foreign currency. At the same time, the presence and movement of foreign currency must be taken into account separately (Instructions for the chart of accounts). Therefore, if an organization has two card accounts (currency and ruble), corresponding subaccounts must be opened for account 55. For example, subaccounts “Special card account in foreign currency” and “Special card account in rubles”.
When opening a ruble corporate account, make the following entry:
When opening a foreign currency corporate account, make the following entry:
Debit 55 subaccount “Special card account in foreign currency” Credit 52
- money is transferred to a corporate plastic card.
As the employee withdraws money from the card, make entries in the accounting records based on bank statements:
- a ruble advance was issued to pay expenses;
Debit 71 Credit 55 subaccount “Special card account in foreign currency”
- a foreign currency advance was issued to pay expenses.
The basis for writing off debt from an accountable person - a card holder is his advance report in form No. AO-1, to which are attached documents confirming the receipt of goods (work, services) and slips (receipts of electronic terminals or ATMs) indicating their payment from corporate account.
An example of reflecting in accounting transactions for the registration and use of a settlement (debit) bank card
ZAO Alfa transferred 50,000 rubles from its current account to a special card account in rubles.
The settlement (debit) bank card is issued to the general director of the organization A.V. Lvov. In January, Lvov was on a business trip to Chelyabinsk. Using the card, he paid a hotel bill in the amount of 15,000 rubles.
Debit 55 subaccount “Special card account in rubles” Credit 51
- 50,000 rub. - money was transferred to a corporate bank account;
Debit 71 Credit 55 subaccount “Special card account in rubles”
- 15,000 rub. - an advance was issued to pay travel expenses;
Debit 26 Credit 71
- 15,000 rub. - travel expenses are reflected (based on primary accounting documents and an advance report).
Transactions on the use of a corporate credit card should be reflected in accounting using accounts 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings” or 67 “Settlements for long-term loans and borrowings”. When transferring funds to a credit card, make the following entries:
Debit 55 subaccount “Special card account in rubles” Credit 66 (67)
- reflects the loan amount received on the ruble card account;
Debit 55 subaccount “Special card account in foreign currency” Credit 66 (67)
- reflects the loan amount received on the foreign currency card account.
Reflect the advance payment when using a credit card in accounting as the employee withdraws money from it.
An example of reflecting in accounting transactions for the registration and use of a credit bank card
ZAO Alfa entered into an agreement with the bank to receive and service a ruble corporate credit card. The bank opened a credit line in the amount of 200,000 rubles. for a period of 12 months at 12 percent per annum. According to the agreement, interest is accrued monthly on the actually spent loan amount.
General Director of Alpha A.V. Lvov was on a business trip to Rostov. The amount of travel expenses paid using a credit card amounted to RUB 38,000.
The organization's accountant made the following entries in the accounting:
Debit 55 subaccount “Special card account in rubles” Credit 66
- 38,000 rub. - reflects the loan amount received on the ruble card account (as of the date of withdrawal of money from the card);
Debit 71 Credit 55 subaccount “Special card account in rubles”
- 38,000 rub. - an advance was issued to pay travel expenses (based on a bank statement);
Debit 26 Credit 71
- 38,000 rub. - travel expenses are reflected (based on primary accounting documents and an advance report);
Debit 91-2 Credit 66
- 380 rub. (RUB 38,000 × 12%: 12 months) - interest accrued on the loan;
Debit 66 Credit 51
- 380 rub. - interest on the loan has been paid.
The bank usually charges a commission for opening and servicing plastic cards. In accounting, reflect these expenses by posting:
Debit 91-2 Credit 51 (55)
- a commission is transferred to the bank for opening and servicing a special card account.
Amounts withdrawn by an employee from a plastic card in a currency other than the card currency should be reflected in rubles at the official exchange rate of the Bank of Russia on the day of debiting from a special card account (clauses 4-6 of PBU 3/2006). For example, this should be done if an employee withdrew cash in dollars from a ruble plastic card (or vice versa). Include the difference between the official exchange rate and the bank rate at which he wrote off money from the plastic card as part of other expenses (clause 11 of PBU 10/99) or income (clause 7 of PBU 9/99):
Debit 91-2 Credit 55 subaccount “Special card account in foreign currency”
- reflects the negative difference between the official and commercial exchange rates;
Debit 55 subaccount “Special card account in foreign currency” Credit 91-1
- reflects the positive difference between the official and commercial exchange rates.
Situation: Can an individual entrepreneur receive payments from clients using a bank card??
Yes maybe.
Bank cards are intended for transactions on a special bank account. Such an account is opened on the basis of a bank account agreement (clause 1.12 of the Bank of Russia Regulations dated December 24, 2004 No. 266-P).
Chapter 45 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the regulations of the Bank of Russia, does not divide bank accounts into “main” and “card” accounts. Therefore, bank accounts opened for transactions using bank cards are fully subject to the provisions of Chapter 45 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. In particular, Article 845 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation provides for the obligation of a credit institution to credit funds received by a client to a bank account.
Thus, in addition to the client’s money, funds from third parties can be credited to an account opened for transactions using bank cards, unless otherwise provided by the bank account agreement. A similar point of view is stated in the letter of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation dated January 30, 2009 No. 08-31-1/478.
Accounting in trade Olga Ivanovna Sosnauskiene
4.3. Accounting for banking transactions
Bank is a credit institution that has the right to carry out comprehensive (in aggregate) banking operations.
Federal Law of December 2, 1990 № 395-1 “On banks and banking activities” refers to banking operations:
1) attracting funds from individuals and legal entities to deposits (on demand and for a certain period);
2) placement of the specified raised funds on one’s own behalf and at one’s own expense;
3) opening and maintaining bank accounts for individuals and legal entities;
4) carrying out settlements on behalf of individuals and legal entities, including correspondent banks, on their bank accounts;
5) collection of funds, bills, payment and settlement documents and cash services for individuals and legal entities;
6) purchase and sale of foreign currency in cash and non-cash form;
7) attraction of deposits and placement of precious metals;
8) issuance of bank guarantees;
9) making money transfers on behalf of individuals without opening bank accounts (except for postal transfers).
In practice, trade organizations use a rather limited range of services provided by the bank. Typically, this involves opening a current account, collection, depositing cash (trading proceeds) to the bank and receiving cash from the bank. Currently, organizations and individual entrepreneurs are increasingly using this type of banking services as providing loans. To a lesser extent, bill circulation is still developed, in which an enterprise purchases bills of exchange from a bank for use in settlements with suppliers.
According to the Federal Law “On Banks and Banking Activities”, “...the opening by credit institutions of bank accounts of individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, with the exception of state authorities and local governments, is carried out on the basis of certificates of state registration of individuals as individual entrepreneurs, certificates of state registration of legal entities, as well as certificates of registration with the tax authority.” Therefore, to open a current account, an organization must first register as a legal entity and register for tax purposes.
Along with other documents required to open a current account, the client must submit to the bank a card with sample signatures and a seal imprint. The card is filled out by hand with black, purple or blue ink (paste). It is also permissible to use a typewriter or printer or other writing or electronic computing machines for filling out, using only black font. Signatures on the card must be handwritten. The use of a facsimile signature is not permitted.
Advice to persons who have the right to sign and, accordingly, submit their samples to the bank. It is not necessary to exactly repeat the signature from your passport on the card. The main requirement for the sample of your signature on the card is stability, the possibility of multiple repetitions as close as possible.
The card is submitted to the bank in one copy for each bank account. It is an approved form of form No. 0401026 according to OKUD (All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation OK 011-93).
A few words about payment for bank services and other settlements between the bank and its client. When opening a current account, an agreement is signed between the bank and its client. This is a very serious document. In particular, it stipulates such issues as the list and payment for services provided by the bank to the client, the accrual of interest to the client for the use of his funds, and the grounds for writing off funds from the client’s account without his order.
The main forms of non-cash payments are:
1) settlements by payment orders;
2) settlements under a letter of credit;
3) payments by checks;
4) settlements for collection.
Organizations concluding a current account agreement independently choose for themselves the forms of non-cash payments. Forms of non-cash payments may also be specifically established in agreements concluded between counterparty organizations. To carry out non-cash payments using the forms listed above, the following types of documents are used:
1) payment orders;
2) letters of credit;
4) payment requirements;
5) collection orders.
These documents are compiled according to approved forms on forms included in the All-Russian Classifier of Management Documentation (OKUD) OK 011-93 (class “Unified System of Banking Documentation”). It is allowed to use printed forms, fill out forms using a computer (use of forms included in reference, legal and accounting programs), as well as copies of forms made on duplicating equipment, if the copying is carried out without distortion.
A complete and detailed description of bank settlement documents, the rules for filling them out, and the procedure for conducting banking operations are given in the Regulations of the Central Bank of October 3, 2002 No. 2-P “On non-cash payments in the Russian Federation.”
A trading organization is obliged to keep strict records of transactions taking place on the current account. This is mainly payment for goods from buyers, payment to suppliers, payment for various services, purchased equipment and materials, transfer of taxes, crediting collection and trade proceeds deposited in the bank, debiting from the account amounts issued by the bank in cash, payment of other payments, including number of banking services. The current account also receives and repays loans issued to the organization by the bank, and pays interest on them. If an organization uses a foreign currency loan (carries out other foreign exchange transactions), amounts for the purchase and sale of currency also pass through a ruble current account. To account for the availability and movement of funds of an enterprise in Russian rubles on a current account opened with a credit institution (bank), account 51 “Current accounts” is intended.
The debit of this account reflects the receipt of funds into the current account of the enterprise, and the credit, accordingly, debits funds from the account. Account 51 corresponds with the following accounts (Table 15).
Table 15
Analytical accounting for account 51 is carried out for each current account, i.e. if an organization has one current account in one bank, then analytics for account 51 is not maintained.
If an organization has several current accounts, then the availability and flow of funds will be recorded for each current account separately.
If a company takes out a loan from a bank, the bank independently opens a loan account for it.
Unlike a current account, opening a loan account does not require mandatory reporting to the tax authorities.
The loan amount goes to the loan account, and from it the bank transfers it to the company’s current account.
Vostok LLC received from the bank in which its current account was opened a short-term loan in the amount of 100,000 rubles. The specified amount is transferred to the company's current account.
The accountant of Vostok LLC makes the following entries in his accounting:
Debit account 51 Current accounts",
Account credit 66 “Settlements for short-term loans and borrowings”– 100,000 rub. – a loan was issued by the bank;
Debit account 51 “Current accounts”,
Credit account 51 “Current accounts”– 100,000 rub. – received a loan from a bank.
In this case, subaccount 51.1 reflects the movement of funds in the company’s current account, and subaccount 51.2 reflects the loan account.
Currently, computerized accounting systems are becoming increasingly widespread. Not all programs allow you to “split” account 51 into subaccounts, i.e., when generating the “Statement” document in the “Bank” journal, you can select any of several current accounts, but in any case the transactions will be generated according to account 51. In practice, most accountants do not conduct separate analytics on loan accounts. There is no big mistake in this, since the balance of the loan account always remains zero.
All transactions on the current account must be confirmed by statements provided by the bank and relevant documents for each transaction. If an organization works with a bank remotely (for example, under the “Client – Bank” program), this is convenient, since banking transactions are completed faster and the organization’s accounting department receives operational information about the status of its current account earlier. However, even in this case, “live” bank statements and documents must be submitted in full.
Sometimes situations arise when the debit or credit of an organization’s current account includes funds that were mistakenly credited or written off. What to do if such an amount is discovered by an accountant when checking bank statements? Of course, you can’t wait until the bank corrects the mistake. Error or not, the transaction was carried out by the bank and, therefore, must be reflected in the accounting records. The amount erroneously assigned to the debit or credit of the current account must be reflected in account 76.2 “Calculations for claims” until clarification.
Among the documents confirming transactions that took place according to the bank statement, there may be payment requests and orders, memorial orders, copies of accompanying invoices for collection bags, etc. Upon receipt of documents from the bank, the enterprise accountant checks the availability and compliance of documents for each reflected in statement of the operation. Based on the received documents and extracts, appropriate accounting entries are made. The received documents are stitched together with the corresponding extract. At the end of the month, statements with filed documents are folded in order, stapled and stored in accordance with the rules for storing accounting documents.
If an organization carries out transactions not only with Russian rubles, but also with foreign currency, accounting for them will be kept on account 52 “Currency accounts”. The functions of this account and the accounting of transactions on it are mostly similar to account 51 “Current accounts”. Analytical accounting for account 52 is maintained for each open currency account. In addition, if an organization has foreign currency accounts both within the Russian Federation and abroad, it is recommended to open accounts 52 “Currency accounts” subaccount 1 “Currency accounts within the country” and 52 “Currency accounts” subaccount 2 “Currency accounts abroad”. If an organization uses several types of foreign currencies, it will be convenient and clear to keep records for each type of currency.
Account 52 “Currency accounts” corresponds with the following accounts (Table 16).
Table 16
Accounting for funds in account 52 “Currency accounts” can be carried out both directly in foreign currency and in its equivalent in rubles. Modern computer accounting programs provide a slightly different form of bank statement for a foreign currency account from the ruble one. It involves entering information about the type of currency, the amount in currency and the amount in ruble equivalent, i.e. when accounting for funds in foreign currency, the currency must be converted into rubles at the same time. If you have decided to keep records on account 52 “Currency accounts” directly in ruble equivalent (this has both its pros and cons - depending on the volume and nature of transactions taking place on the account), then in the computer accounting option you need to select in The ruble is used as a currency. Then the amount in foreign currency will be equal to its ruble equivalent.
Filling out bank statements, generating and storing bank documents are also similar to the requirements for account 51 “Current accounts”.
From the book Banking Law author Kuznetsova Inna Alexandrovna29. Types of licenses. Conditions for obtaining a license from the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to carry out banking operations Banking operations are carried out only on the basis of a license issued by the Bank of Russia in the manner established by the Federal Law “On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation”.
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Accounting for bank expenses depends on which taxation system a particular organization uses. In today’s article we will talk about the specifics of reflecting banking expenses in the context of tax regimes, and also use examples to look at typical operations for accounting for expenses for banking services.
The basis for an organization to receive banking services is an agreement concluded with a credit institution. As part of the agreement with the bank, your company can:
Receiving banking services by a company requires the preparation of the following documents:
Listed above are the main documents required to confirm expenses for banking services. You have the right to draw up additional documents for ongoing operations if this is provided for in the concluded agreement.
When reflecting expenses for bank services in accounting, use account 91.2. Depending on the type of services provided, write off expenses using Kt 76 or Kt 60. Payment for bank services should be reflected in the following entry:
Dt 76/60 Kt 51.
If you use the general taxation regime, then you can take into account the amount of expenses for banking services as part of expenses that reduce the tax base. When accounting for VAT on the cost of banking services, reflect the tax amount by posting:
Dt 19 Kt 60.
Record the tax accepted for deduction by writing:
Dt 68-VAT Kt 19.
Example No. 1. Istanbul JSC sells ceramic tableware and uses OSNO. In October 2016, Istanbul JSC entered into an agreement with Vostochny Bank, according to which the credit institution:
At the end of October 2016, Vostochny Bank’s services amounted to:
Payment for cash settlement and collection services was made by Istanbul on 10/31/16, payment for installation and maintenance of the Client-Bank software was made on 11/30/16. In the accounting of Istanbul, the accountant made the following entries:
| date | Debit | Credit | Description | Sum |
| 31.10.16 | 91.2 | 60 | Istanbul's expenses for cash and cash services are reflected | RUB 1,205 |
| 31.10.16 | 91.2 | 60 | Istanbul's expenses for cash collection are reflected (7,104 rubles - 1,084 rubles) | 6,020 rub. |
| 31.10.16 | 19 | 60 | The amount of VAT from collection services is reflected | RUR 1,084 |
| 31.10.16 | 68-VAT | 19 | VAT on collection services is accepted for deduction | RUR 1,084 |
| 31.10.16 | 91.2 | 60 | The costs of technical support for the Client-Bank software are taken into account | 807 rub. |
| 31.10.16 | 91.2 | 60 | The costs of installing the Client-Bank software are taken into account | RUR 5,980 |
| 31.10.16 | 60 | 51 | The write-off of funds to pay for the services of Vostochny Bank was reflected (RUB 7,104 + RUB 1,205) | RUR 8,309 |
| 31.10.16 | 09 | 68-VAT | Accrued OTA (deferred tax asset) RUB 8,309. * 20% | RUR 1,662 |
| 30.11.16 | 60 | 51 | Reflected write-off of funds for payment for services of Vostochny Bank - installation and technical support of "Client-Bank" for October 2016 (RUB 807 + RUB 5,980) | RUR 6,787 |
| 30.11.16 | 68-VAT | 09 | Write-off of ONA reflected | RUR 1,662 |
| 30.11.16 | 91.2 | 60 | Costs for technical support of “Client-Bank” for November 2016 are taken into account | 807 rub. |
| 30.11.16 | 60 | 51 | The write-off of funds for payment for technical support of “Client-Bank” for November 2016 is reflected | 807 rub. |
Example No. 2. Champion LLC sells sports nutrition and uses the simplified tax system. In September 2016, Champion entered into an agreement with Vector Bank, according to which the credit institution:
09/12/16 “Vector” installed the “Client-Bank” system for “Champion” (one-time payment of 8,220 rubles). The fee for software technical support is 1,004 rubles. monthly. 09/30/16 “Champion” paid “Vector” for collection services, cash register services and repair of cash register equipment. Payment for installation and technical support of “Client-Bank” was made by “Champion” on 11/17/16. The accountant of “Champion” made the following entries in the accounting:
| date | Debit | Credit | Description | Sum |
| 30.09.16 | 91.2 | 60 | Costs for repairs and maintenance of cash register equipment are taken into account | 1,740 rub. |
| 30.09.16 | 91.2 | 60 | Reflected expenses for cash settlement services | 1,540 rub. |
| 30.09.16 | 91.2 | 60 | Collection expenses were incurred (RUB 8,650 – RUB 1,319) | RUR 7,331 |
| 30.09.16 | 91.2 | 60 | VAT on collection is included in expenses | RUB 1,319 |
| 30.09.16 | 91.2 | 60 | The cost of technical support for “Client-Bank” for October 2016 was taken into account in expenses | 1.004 RUR |
| 30.09.16 | 60 | 51 | The amount of payment for the services of Vector Bank was written off (RUB 1,740 + RUB 1,540 + RUB 8,650) | RUB 11,930 |
| 17.11.16 | 60 | 51 | The amount of payment for installation and technical support of “Client-Bank” in October 2016 was written off (RUB 8,220 + RUB 1,004) | RUR 9,224 |
| 17.11.16 | 91.2 | 60 | Expenses for technical support of “Client-Bank” were carried out in November 2016 | 1.004 rub. |
| 17.11.16 | 60 | 51 | The amount of payment for technical support of “Client-Bank” in November 2016 was written off | 1.004 rub. |
In this case, you can reduce the tax base when calculating the tax on OSNO
Example No. 3. Art Decor LLC is engaged in the production and sale of confectionery products. Income from the sale of confectionery products wholesale is subject to OSNO. In addition, Art Decor sells cakes through a network of cafes. This activity is subject to imputed tax.
“Art Decor” entered into an agreement with the Atlantic Bank, according to which “Art Decor” pays for cash settlement services in the amount of 1,840 rubles. monthly. At the end of May 2016, Art Decor’s income was:
Thus, the share of OSNO’s income was:
RUB 214,400 / (RUB 214,400 + RUB 487,200) * 100% = 31%
The share of expenses for bank services that can be taken into account when calculating the OSNO tax is:
1,840 rub. * 31% = 571 rub.
The share of banking expenses related to UTII is:
1,840 rub. – 571 rub. = 1.269 rub.
When calculating the OSNO profit tax, the Art Decor accountant took into account expenses for cash and cash services in the amount of 571 rubles. The following entries were made in the Art Decor accounting system:
| date | Debit | Credit | Description | Sum |
| 31.05.16 | 91-Costs for distribution | 60 | The amount of bank expenses to be distributed is reflected (for May 2016) | 1,840 rub. |
| 31.05.16 | 91-UTII expenses | 91-Costs for distribution | The amount of bank expenses is taken into account (share of UTII) | RUB 1,269 |
| 31.05.16 | 91-OSNO expenses | 91-Costs for distribution | The amount of bank expenses is taken into account (OSNO share) | 571 rub. |
Question No. 1. JSC "Breeze" is a newly created organization that uses OSNO. "Breeze" was registered on 07/12/16. As of July 31, 2016, Breeze does not receive any income. At the same time, the company incurred expenses for banking services in the amount of 7,104 rubles. Does Breeze have the right to take these expenses into account when calculating income tax?
If banking expenses were incurred by Briz for the purpose of making a profit, they can be taken into account when calculating tax.
Question No. 2. JSC KranStroy received a loan from Zapadny Bank. KranStroy uses OSNO. As part of the agreement with the bank, KranStroy pays interest on the loan monthly. Can the company include these amounts as expenses?
KranStroy has the right to reflect interest on the use of a loan as part of non-operating expenses. It should be understood that the amount of such expenses can only be reflected within the established standards.
Question No. 3. As part of the concluded agreement with Bank Sever, JSC Karandash pays the cost of collection services on a monthly basis. 08/04/16 “Karandash” paid the bank for services for July 2016. In what period does “Karandash” have the right to take into account expenses for banking services? The certificate of completion of work received by “Karandash” is dated 07/31/16.
Despite the fact that the services were paid for in August, their cost must be reflected in the expenses of July. This is due to the fact that, according to the act, the services are considered actually provided on 07/31/16
