"Vasily Terkin" analysis of the work - theme, idea, genre, plot, composition, characters, issues and other issues are discussed in this article.
“Vasily Terkin” is rightfully considered one of the most significant works of literature of the second half of the 20th century.
The poem consists of twenty-nine chapters. Each chapter is an independent work. There are many lyrical digressions in the book. Its content and form are close to folk ones. It is a fusion of the genres of lyric and epic. It has everything: humor and pathos, sketches of front-line life and heroic battles, casual jokes and tragedy, high oratory and folk language. This is not a poem, but a folk book. Tvardovsky came up with a universal genre and called it “a book about a fighter.” The theme of this work is war. The author shows it from beginning to end.
Behind the sparse lines the image of the author is visible. We learn about him from lyrical digressions and understand that he loves his hero very much. The work has a high ideological meaning. Proximity to the folk poetic language, simplicity - all this makes the poem a truly folk work. Not only the soldiers in the war felt warm from these poems, but now, years later, they radiate the inexhaustible warmth of humanity.
Vasily's character is revealed gradually. Throughout the book, the author shows Terkin from different sides. The hero shows real courage and courage in the chapter “Crossing”.
Describing what is happening in the war, the author emphasizes that soldiers are not heroes from birth, they are young guys. Some are participating in military events for the first time, but there is heroism on their faces. The author emphasizes that the feat of these young soldiers is a continuation of the exploits of their fathers and grandfathers - warriors of past centuries. The author talks about Terkin’s participation in the war in a half-joking manner. He talks about Terkin’s dreams of returning home. Terkin dreams of awards, but shows modesty: “No, I don’t need an order, I agree to a medal.” He wants to impress girls:
...And the girls at the party
Let's forget all the guys
If only the girls would listen,
How the belts squeak on me.
In this scene, Terkin looks cheerful and simple. But the author replaces lines full of humor with lines describing a terrible battle:
A terrible bloody battle is going on,
Mortal combat is not for glory -
For the sake of life on earth.
By this, the author shows that the path to happiness passes through struggle, the unity of the fate of the people with the fate of the country, and that the happiness of an individual is impossible without the happiness of his people. Terkin knows how to lift the spirits of soldiers, he makes sure that they look at the world with different eyes.
Two tankmen give Terkin an accordion in memory of the killed commander. Terkin plays a cheerful melody, and the soldiers begin to dance.
Lose the tobacco pouch,
If there is no one to sew -
I don’t argue - it’s also bitter,
It's hard, but you can live,
Survive the misfortune
Hold tobacco in your fist.
But Russia, the old mother,
There is no way we can lose.
Tvardovsky also talks about love.
The fighters remember with tenderness their mothers, wives, girls who are waiting for their return.
I dreamed of a real miracle:
So that from my invention
Living people at war
It might have been warmer.
Plan Introduction The poem became the poet's response to the events of the Great Patriotic War. The main part Vasily Terkin is the general hero of the poem. The feeling of patriotism has always manifested itself in difficult times for the country. The poet recreates many tragic episodes of the war. Chapter “Crossing”: a) the poet conveys the growing anxiety and tension of events; b) the drama of the action intensifies; c) fighters in a moment of rest; d) Terkin’s sadness. Conclusion Fighters are not afraid of death. Duty to the Motherland is higher than personal. Poem by A.T. Tvardovsky’s “Vasily Terkin” became the author’s direct response to the tragic events of the Great Patriotic War. The poem consists of separate chapters united by a common hero - Vasily Terkin, a simple village guy, like many others, who stood up to defend his Motherland. A sense of patriotism is something that has always been characteristic of the Russian people, and has always manifested itself in difficult times for the country. They walk the same harsh path that two hundred years ago the Russian toiling soldier walked with a flintlock gun. Danger awaits them at any moment, because each of them could die. Past their curly temples, Near their boyish eyes, Death often whistled in battle, And will it blow this time? A.T. Tvardovsky depicts many tragic episodes of the war, for example, in the chapter “Crossing”, where he manages to wonderfully convey the growing anxiety and tension of events - the unsuccessful attempt to cross. Crossing, crossing! Left bank, right bank. Rough snow, edge of ice... To whom is memory, to whom is glory, To whom is dark water, - No sign, no trace. The drama of the action intensifies when the author shows the death of people: And I saw it for the first time, It will not be forgotten: People are warm, alive They went to the bottom, to the bottom, to the bottom... “There is confusion under fire,” artillery shelling, exploding shells - a situation in which the events taking place are conveyed by the poet in such a way that this terrible picture of war appears before your eyes, drawn truthfully and honestly. The fighters are also shown in moments of rest. They have simple everyday concerns, friendly conversations, but even at this time it is felt that there is a war going on, that peaceful life has been destroyed by the enemy. They dream about how everything will return, how happy they will be, but where are the girls, where are the evenings? Where is the dear village council? After all, Terkin’s sadness is understandable that “the post office does not carry letters to your native land of Smolensk” - his native places are occupied by the enemy, he knows nothing about his loved ones, but he and his comrades will do everything possible to liberate their native land and return to peaceful life . They feel their responsibility and a high sense of duty towards the Motherland. The year has struck, the turn has come, Today we are responsible for Russia, for the people and for everything in the world. They are not afraid of death, because their duty to the Motherland and the people is higher than personal: “If there is a war, forget about everything...” They do not need awards, they do not fight for this. And the author, speaking about the high purpose of the Russian soldier - to liberate the earth from fascism - shows the true humanism of the poet and man. The battle is holy and just, Mortal combat is not for the sake of glory - For the sake of life on earth.
“Vasily Terkin” is rightfully considered one of the most significant works of literature of the second half of the 20th century.
The poem consists of twenty-nine chapters. Each chapter is an independent work. There are many lyrical digressions in the book. Its content and form are close to folk ones. It is a fusion of the genres of lyric and epic. It has everything: humor and pathos, sketches of front-line life and heroic battles, casual jokes and tragedy, high oratory and folk language. This is not a poem, but a folk book. Tvardovsky came up with a universal genre and called it “a book about a fighter.” The theme of this work is war. The author shows it from beginning to end.
Behind the sparse lines the image of the author is visible. We learn about him from lyrical digressions and understand that he loves his hero very much. The work has a high ideological meaning. Proximity to the folk poetic language, simplicity - all this makes the poem a truly folk work. Not only the soldiers in the war felt warm from these poems, but now, years later, they radiate the inexhaustible warmth of humanity.
Vasily's character is revealed gradually. Throughout the book, the author shows Terkin from different sides. The hero shows real courage and courage in the chapter “Crossing”.
Describing what is happening in the war, the author emphasizes that soldiers are not heroes from birth, they are young guys. Some are participating in military events for the first time, but there is heroism on their faces. The author emphasizes that the feat of these young soldiers is a continuation of the exploits of their fathers and grandfathers - warriors of past centuries. The author talks about Terkin’s participation in the war in a half-joking manner. He talks about Terkin’s dreams of returning home. Terkin dreams of awards, but shows modesty: “No, I don’t need an order, I agree to a medal.” He wants to impress girls:
...And the girls at the party would forget all the guys, If only the girls would listen, How the belts squeak on me.
In this scene, Terkin looks cheerful and simple. But the author replaces lines full of humor with lines describing a terrible battle:
A terrible battle is going on bloody, A mortal battle is not for the sake of glory - For the sake of life on earth.
By this, the author shows that the path to happiness passes through struggle, the unity of the fate of the people with the fate of the country, and that the happiness of an individual is impossible without the happiness of his people. Terkin knows how to lift the spirits of soldiers, he makes sure that they look at the world with different eyes.
Two tankmen give Terkin an accordion in memory of the killed commander. Terkin plays a cheerful melody, and the soldiers begin to dance.
Losing a pouch with shag, If there is no one to do the sewing - I don’t argue - it’s also bitter, It’s hard, but you can live, To survive a disaster, to hold tobacco in your fist. But Russia, the old mother, We cannot lose in any way.
Tvardovsky also talks about love. Material from the site The fighters remember with tenderness their mothers, wives, girls who are waiting for their return.
I dreamed of a real miracle: So that from my invention Living people at war Was,maybe warmer.Plan
Analysis of the work
“Vasily Terkin” is rightfully considered one of the most significant works of literature of the second half of the 20th century.
The poem consists of twenty-nine chapters. Each chapter is an independent work. There are many lyrical digressions in the book. Its content and form are close to folk ones. It is a fusion of the genres of lyric and epic. It has everything: humor and pathos, sketches of front-line life and heroic battles, casual jokes and tragedy, high oratory and folk language. This
not a poem, but a folk book. Tvardovsky came up with a universal genre and called it “a book about a fighter.” The theme of this work is war. The author shows it from beginning to end.
Behind the sparse lines the image of the author is visible. We learn about him from lyrical digressions and understand that he loves his hero very much. The work has a high ideological meaning. Proximity to the folk poetic language, simplicity - all this makes the poem a truly folk work. Not only the soldiers in the war felt warm from these poems, but now, years later, they radiate the inexhaustible warmth of humanity.
Vasily's character is revealed
Describing what is happening in the war, the author emphasizes that soldiers are not heroes from birth, they are young guys. Some are participating in military events for the first time, but there is heroism on their faces. The author emphasizes that the feat of these young soldiers is a continuation of the exploits of their fathers and grandfathers - warriors of past centuries. The author talks about Terkin’s participation in the war in a half-joking manner. He talks about Terkin’s dreams of returning home. Terkin dreams of awards, but shows modesty: “No, I don’t need an order, I agree to a medal.” He wants to impress girls:
...And the girls at the party would forget all the guys,
If only the girls would listen,
How the belts squeak on me.
In this scene, Terkin looks cheerful and simple. But the author replaces lines full of humor with lines describing a terrible battle:
A terrible bloody battle is going on,
Mortal combat is not for glory -
For the sake of life on earth.
By this, the author shows that the path to happiness passes through struggle, the unity of the fate of the people with the fate of the country, and that the happiness of an individual is impossible without the happiness of his people. Terkin knows how to lift the spirits of soldiers, he makes sure that they look at the world with different eyes.
Two tankmen give Terkin an accordion in memory of the killed commander. Terkin plays a cheerful melody, and the soldiers begin to dance.
Lose the tobacco pouch,
If there is no one to sew -
I don’t argue - it’s also bitter,
It's hard, but you can live,
Survive the misfortune
Hold tobacco in your fist.
But Russia, the old mother,
There is no way we can lose.
Tvardovsky also talks about love. The fighters remember with tenderness their mothers, wives, girls who are waiting for their return.
I dreamed of a real miracle:
So that from my invention
It was during the war for living people
maybe warmer.
Plan 1. Monologue of the hero of the poem. 2. Crossing. 3. The wounded Terkin ends up in the medical battalion. 4. The hero’s reasoning about returning home. 5. Comparison of the hero of the poem with a veteran of the last war. 6. Terkin’s fight with the German. 7. Terkin shoots down a plane with a rifle and receives an order for this. 8. Fight. 9. The hero’s dreams of vacation. 10. The platoon goes on the offensive. 11. Conversation with death. 12. Meeting with an old man and an old woman. 13. Road to Berlin. 14. Farewell to the hero of the work.
Lesson topic:"Roads of Vasily Terkin."
Lesson type: general repetition lesson.
Target: summarize the study of the poem: from the history of the work’s creation to the characters’ characters.
Task- show knowledge of the text, understanding of the ideological and artistic richness of the poem, penetrate into the author’s intention, learn to understand the feelings and experiences of a person, and be imbued with pride in the victorious Russian people.
Dongak Elena Nikolaevna
teacher of Russian language and literature
MBOU secondary school in the village of Balgazyn.
Literature lesson in 8th grade “The Roads of Vasily Terkin.”
Lesson topic: "Roads of Vasily Terkin."
Lesson type: general repetition lesson.
Target: summarize the study of the poem: from the history of the work’s creation to the characters’ characters.
Task - show knowledge of the text, understanding of the ideological and artistic richness of the poem, penetrate into the author’s intention, learn to understand the feelings and experiences of a person, and be imbued with pride in the victorious Russian people.
During the classes.
The song “Roads” sounds (lyrics by L. Oshanin and music by A. Novikov)
1.The teacher's word. How many roads have been traveled, how many boots have been worn out by the Russian warrior. People say about him with respect and love: “Experienced! I've been everywhere, seen everything. Can tell you a lot." And today we will walk the paths of such a hero (the teacher addresses the topic of the lesson placed on the board). This, of course, is Vasily Terkin from the poem of the same name by A.T. Tvardovsky (slide No. 1 portrait of Terkin), about which he wrote: (the teacher refers to the epigraph placed on the board)
“Terkin” was for me my lyrics, my journalism, a song and a lesson, an anecdote and a saying, a heart-to-heart conversation and a remark to the occasion.” (slide No. 2)
2. We will begin the hike with an oral description of the monument to A. Tvardovsky and his hero V. Tyorkin (a trained student introduces the monument from a photograph)(slide No. 3)
Student. In one of the quiet and cozy corners of the city of Smolensk there is a monument to participants in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The names are carved on the pedestal: Alexander Tvardovsky, Vasily Terkin. (slide No. 4)
Comfortably sitting on a log, they are talking enthusiastically, remembering the dusty roads, the crossing, battles, their friends... Tvardovsky sits, deep in thought. He listens attentively to the story about the next battle, where ours won, and, perhaps, reflects on his future chapter of the “Book about a fighter.” Terkin, as always, is cheerful and cheerful. He’s about to finish his speech and “start another song”: he’ll start playing in the three-row lane, forgetting about everything in the world... And tomorrow he’ll be back on the front line again.
3.Teacher: Let us also listen to the conversation between two contemporaries, two comrades in arms - the author of the famous “Book about a Fighter” Alexander Tvardovsky and the national hero Vasily Tyorkin. They walked together along the roads of war, faithfully fulfilling their duty to their Motherland and, despite any difficulties and trials, they survived because they loved life, their native land, their people and country.
Tvardovsky : I went to the front on the second day of the war. He took part in the battle for Moscow, and later in the victorious campaign of our army for the liberation of Belarus, Ukraine, Poland from the German fascists and reached Berlin. All these years he worked as a war correspondent. He wrote essays, poems, feuilletons, leaflets, notes. Meetings with soldiers, what I experienced and saw with my own eyes on the roads of war influenced my creativity. I wrote down all the latest news from the front in a military notebook and placed the material in the newspaper. Gradually, the “Book about a Fighter” and everyone’s favorite Tyorkin took shape.
I dreamed of a real miracle:
So that from my invention
Living people at war
It might have been warmer...
Terkin:
The year has come, the time has come
Today we are responsible
For Russia, for the people
And for everything in the world...
The battle is holy and just,
Mortal combat is not for glory -
For the sake of life on earth.
Student's conclusion
The poem “Vasily Terkin” consists of 25 chapters, each of which has its own title.
The chapter titles reveal a soldier's view of the course of the war. The book talks about how a person lived during the war. This aspect of the poem’s content is reflected in many sketches, for example, “At a Rest”, “Before the Battle”, “Two Soldiers” and others. How he fought is described in the chapters “Crossing”, “About the War!”, “Duel”, “Terkin is Wounded”, “About the Reward”.
4. Conversation
Let's see how our soldiers, such as Vasily Terkin, went to battle not for glory, but for the sake of life on earth. The first question will be this.
1. “Terkin - who is he?” What do you think the name of the hero of the poem says?
(Tyorkin means seasoned by life, experienced. There is a saying “grated kalach.” “A man seasoned by life,” the author defines it. At the same time, the surname sounds common, short, bright.)
2.What did you learn about the military biography of Vasily Terkin from the chapters you read?
(He begins to fight during the Finnish campaign, in June 1941 he re-enters the ranks, retreats along with the entire army, is surrounded several times, comes out alive, although he is wounded. We add that the author traces his path all the way to Berlin.)
3.What feat did Terkin accomplish in the chapter “Crossing”
The student makes the conclusion.Tvardovsky in the chapter “Crossing” showed the battle, blood, losses, the disastrous cold of the night and the great courage of people going to death for their homeland. (slide No. 5)
4.Who does Terkin meet in the chapter “Two Soldiers”? (with an old man and an old woman).
5.What question does grandfather ask Terkin? (“Answer: we will beat the German, or maybe we won’t beat him)
6.What answer does Terkin give to his grandfather? (“We’ll beat you, father.”) (slide No. 6)
7. How the grandfather speaks about himself and Terkin
(“This is what we mean, soldiers...”). Slide No. 7
8.What is the meaning of the title of the chapter “Two Soldiers”?
The student makes the conclusion.Both grandfather and Terkin are real soldiers. Grandfather fought in World War 1, and Terkin now. Both are heroes of their time.
9.What reward did Terkin receive for the downed plane? (order and leave). Slide No. 8
5. Let’s continue working on chapters in groups
Groups receive cards with text. You should know the chapters suggested for reading well, and now let’s check how you know it. Your task is to correctly insert the missing word.
1. See - small dot
Appeared in the distance:
Either it's crazy, or...
Floating down the river? (barrel)
2.-No, alive. Without a tunic.
Isn't it a Fritz? Isn't it to our rear?
No. Or maybe this is...? -
Someone joked timidly. (Terkin.)
3.-Allow me to report
Platoon on the right bank
Alive and well in spite of the enemy!
The lieutenant is just asking
...toss it there. (Ogonyok)
4. “These things in our life, -
Grandfather boasted - nothing!
We…..even in porridge
We came across. Exactly.
If it hits, you can throw it away with a spoon,
And you are like a dead man.” (shards)
5. Who….., guys?
Yes, she's here, brother.
Looked around guiltily
There's a shooter on the driver. (Harmonic)
6.Teacher's words. Vasily Terkin is a born harmonica player.We learn about how he got the accordion, which belonged to the tank commander killed the day before, from the chapter “Accordion.” These tankers remembered Terkin, whom they, wounded, once delivered to the medical battalion.
Dramatization of the chapter “Accordion” (Terkin approaches 2 tank crews, picks up an accordion and starts a conversation with them) slide No. 9
Terkin- So how about playing on the track?
Soldier - Yes, playing is not harmful.
T. - What's the matter? Whose accordion?
S.- Whose it was, brother, no... (take off their hats)
T. - Yes, it’s impossible, it’s impossible
I can understand myself,
I'm in the second war, brother...
And again, judge
Maybe tomorrow we’ll jump into battle...
S. - You know what. Well, play it, the fool is with you.
(Torkin sits down at the harmonica and begins to play)
7. An audio cassette is playing with a recording of a fragment of the chapter “Accordion”. Slide No. 10
And from that old accordion,
What is left orphaned
Somehow it suddenly became warmer
On the front road.
8. In the poem “Vasily Terkin” there are a lot of lines that have become aphorisms and are pronounced quite often. Slide No. 11
Now the initial line will be pronounced, and you must continue the well-known phrase.
1. If we don’t go too far, we’ll break through, …. (We will be alive - we will not die)
2. Crossing, crossing! ….. (Left bank, right bank)
3. To whom is memory, to whom is glory, to whom is dark water, - .....(No sign, no trace)
4. The battle is on, holy and right, Mortal combat is not for the sake of glory -…… (For life on earth)
5. I wouldn’t have played like that again-…… (Sorry I can't do better)
6. At least something for these guys, From their place -……. (into water and fire)
7. Death is death. her arrival……... (We all wait by seniority)
He goes, holy and sinful, …… (Russian miracle man)
Responsible in the back.
This means Terkin is at home,…… (Terkin is at war again)
9.Working with reproduction. Slide No. 12
What moment of front-line life did the artist depict?(The painting by front-line artist Yu.M. Neprintsev “Rest after the battle” (“Vasily Terkin”, 1951) is dedicated to the life of a soldier in the war. Neprintsev’s painting echoes the poem “Vasily Terkin” by A.T. Tvardovsky. The painting depicts a group of soldiers ( who is lying, who is sitting, etc.), probably having just left the battle. In the center, surrounded by soldiers, is a fighter with a bright red pouch in his hands. This is his “Vasily Terkin”. but he says something cheerfully to those present, trying to cheer them up.)
How does the central figure resemble the hero of the poem Vasily Terkin?“Now serious, now amusing, No matter what the rain, what the snow, - He goes into battle, forward, into the utter fire, holy and sinful. Russian miracle man.” It seems to me that these lines about Vasily Terkin are reminiscent of this man.
What mood did the artist convey with his painting? How does this characterize the people gathered around Terkin?
(People whose lives are in constant danger appreciate every minute, they do not lose heart, they believe in victory and in rare moments of rest they try not to think about death. It was necessary to live and survive in these terrible conditions. And when there were moments of rest, people were sincerely happy that they were alive, that they had returned an inch of their native land. Those around them stopped for a moment, took a breath and moved on.)
Why did the fighters gather around Terkin?
(Apparently, he is again telling some kind of story, trying to maintain the spirit of the soldiers. They know how to rejoice at the little joy that befell them in the short moments of rest).
Teacher's conclusion. Neprintsev managed to create a work of art reflecting the optimism and patriotic uplift of the defenders of the Motherland, although the times were difficult.
10. Now let's select adjectives that characterize Vasya Terkin for each letter of his first and last name. slide number 13
Funny
A - active
Brave
I am ry
Patient
The only one
R - assiduous, - decisive
K - turnip
Interesting
N - resourceful
11.Teacher: Our fellow countrymen who took part in the war were as courageous and fearless as the legendary Tyorkin. 46 fellow villagers left Balgazyn for the front and never returned. Speaking about the collective image of Tyorkin, the modern writer G. Baklanov rightly noted: “Only great artists are able to fit the fate of an entire people into one destiny; That’s why everyone, when reading a book, finds himself in it.” Our library contains materials about the participants in the war, and stores the memories of the soldiers’ loved ones and relatives. Now we will read the memories of the war participants, which they told to their children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren. They probably also had meetings with Tyorkin during the war.
What new things did you learn about the war from the stories of your grandparents?
Teacher's summary: Each soldier of the Great Patriotic War has his own war that befell him, and in the heart of each it left an everlasting scar. For some, it’s shell shock and wounds, for others, it’s the loss of a loved one, a home... For poets, it’s inspired and heartfelt lines. They still sound solemn, weighty and significant today:
The student draws a conclusion: From the first chapter, Tvardovsky introduces us to a platoon of young soldiers. They are not heroes from birth, but simple guys with “twirly temples” and boyish eyes. Terkin is no different from them, only perhaps a little bolder and more resourceful. This is his ordinariness. Tyorkin is a true patriot of his native land, like most Russian soldiers. He proves his love for the Motherland through tireless military labor and exploits. Blood, death, trials could not drown out the strength of life, the cheerfulness of the hero’s spirit. It is clear that Tyorkin deserves the award. But a modest person does not even try to talk about his merits. This is its simplicity and ordinariness. Drawing the image of Vasily Terkin, the author embodied in him the best features of the Russian warrior: courage and self-control, spiritual openness and generosity, sharpness and unostentatious prowess. We want to be as strong, courageous, brave as Vasily Terkin, like our great-grandfathers.
Teacher's conclusion : Using the example of the bright, original personality of V. Terkin, Tvardovsky showed a person “in war, in a harsh life, in a difficult life in war.” The author, chapter after chapter, talks about what you cannot live without in war and win, going “to a holy and just battle”: a field kitchen, a soldier’s overcoat, an accordion, a dugout, jokes, friendship.
The poem “Vasily Terkin” is a real story of fiery suffering, incorporating everything:
What has been known by the hump,
What is trodden by feet,
What has been tested by hand
What has been seen... by such brave fighters “from Ryazan, from Kazan, from Siberia, from Moscow, from Balgazyn”
Homework: reading and analysis of the chapter “Crossing”, “Accordion”
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I. Introduction. Traditions of the arts of Tuva…………….……………………………..2
Tuvan sculpture – carving on chonar-dash………………………………3
II. Main part.
2.1. The connection of sculptures with ceremonies and rituals…………………………………..3
2.2 The image of Arzylan, the fairy-tale lion……………………………………………………...4
2.3. Odushpay S.K - member of the Union of Artists of the USSR and the Russian Federation.5
2.4. Exhibitions of the master of stone-cutting art………………………………...6
2.6. Labor and art…………………………………………...…………………..7
III. Conclusion. Odushpay S.K – a famous stone cutter in Tuva…………………..8
Used literature……………………………………………………..9
Our Tuva is a unique national treasure - the art of folk stone carvers. The Tuvan stone-cutting craft develops deep and strong traditions of creating small-form sculptures from agalmatolite. This type of soft stone has a very calm pastel shade, in which light gray and pink-brown colors seem to be softly mixed. Depending on the finishing method, the sculpture actively reveals the color shades of the stone.
Tuvan sculpture of small forms - carving on chonar-dash - is a most interesting and original phenomenon, a unique symbol of folk culture. Here, the traditions of the art of stone carving developed in conditions of nomadic life. Folk craftsmen made toys, religious accessories, chess pieces using wood and various metal alloys; more conventional images were made from felt. Masters of modern art prefer stone, and creating sculptures from agalmatolite has become a tradition. In the conditions of the new way of life, stone sculpture constituted one of the most expressive genres of folk art. An important feature of Tuvan sculpture is a bold violation of the proportions of the animal’s body, when the decorative sculpture of Tuvan masters is subject to the principle of silhouette design, which helps its expressiveness and clear perception even in very small sizes. This is also facilitated by the traditional method of processing the surface of stone: the comparison of smooth surfaces of the volume with details worked out by enlarged cutting, brought to pronounced ornamentation.
At first glance, Tuvan sculpture is simple and static. But this impression is formed only upon preliminary acquaintance. The features of staticity are really visible here. However, in recent years, Tuvan masters have made significant progress in conveying the internal dynamics of the movement of figures. This is achieved by dividing the volume, giving the silhouette of the depicted animals a certain rhythm. Master stone carvers depict well-known domestic animals - camels, rams, horses, goats. These are friends and helpers of man, the owner of the steppes, the cattle breeder. And therefore they are endowed with natural features. Carvers like to depict animals resting, feeding their young. Then the master’s humane attitude towards animals, and through this towards his native nature, is especially clearly revealed. The subject-thematic range and iconographic character of Tuvan folk sculpture is fixed by a long-standing tradition and is revealed quite definitely. First of all, this is an image of animals and beasts living in the mountains and steppes of Tuva. Most often you can find the image of a horse, a mountain goat - serge, a characteristic Tuvan yak - sarlyk, camel, bull, deer. All these figures accurately combine decorative stylization and realistic authenticity. Folk craftsmen have an excellent knowledge of animals, their habits, and body structure features: after all, each of the carvers is a hereditary hunter, cattle breeder, observing animals day after day. But in sculpture, masters give free rein to thoughts and fantasies, not just depicting the animal, but striving to express its state, mood: the stubborn strength of a bull, the mighty beauty of a sarlyk, the grace of a deer or roe deer, the anxious sensitivity or readiness to flee, the patient slowness or rebellious passion of a young animal. The figurine is covered with richly carved ornamental patterns, reproducing wool or a mane in a stylized form.
The works of Tuvan masters preserve the attachment of sculptural images to ancient rituals and ceremonies. Frequent motifs in their sculptures are dragons, spirits similar to lions and other predators. Their images are canonized, but have many variations. Dragons are strictly subordinated to the silhouette of the composition and are often richly covered with ornamental carvings. The real world of animals, which the masters know well, makes up the majority of Tuvan small plastic arts. Bulls and camels, horses and steppe sheep, horsemen, cattle breeders and children are depicted in free, natural movements that demonstrate the observation skills of the masters, their ability to reflect an important part of life through a sculptural image.
A special place in Tuvan stone carving is occupied by the image of arzylan, a fabulous monstrous lion. This image has analogies in Chinese art, as well as in the works of other peoples of the East. In exact translation from Tuvan, arzylan means lion, but Tuvan masters have never seen real lions in real life, and they create their arzylans as fairy-tale characters. Later, the image of Arzylan acquired an independent character in Tuvan folk art, independent of religion, and became a plastic embodiment of strength. This iconographic type probably came to Tuva from China and was partly associated with the decor of Lamaist temples. Their execution in stone is marked by extraordinary care and precision. In sculpture there is always an expressive relationship between carved details and a smooth surface, which creates a decorative edge even in small-sized works.
A significant place in folk art is occupied by the creation of utilitarian objects from stone decorated with carved sculptures, such as chess, inkstands, ashtrays, carved seals and even state emblems. Static images of humans and animals serve as the basis for creating chess pieces. Chess is especially widespread. They are not similar to European types of chess, the traditional iconography of chess pieces here is unique: the arzylan - queen as the strongest chess piece appears in the guise of this fabulous monster, the camel - elephant as a light chess piece is associated with this hardy animal, capable of walking a long distance along roads and roadless Tuvan steppes, the horse is depicted not in half a figure, but in full, calmly standing on a board, as if in a pasture, on four legs. The king is extremely interesting in the guise of a lady of high rank, dressed elegantly and richly. The colors of agalmatolite are organically used when carving chess: black stone for black pieces, all shades of light for white pieces. Many chess pieces created by the hands of Tuvan folk carvers have great artistic value; on the world market it is expressed in gold weight.
There are two legendary agalmatolite deposits in our republic, where Tuvan master carvers extract the soft stone. In the western region of Tuva, in the Bai-Taiginsky kozhuun, in the place of Saryg-Khaya - Yellow Rock, agalmatolite of light shades is mined. For centuries, from the dark depths, from under the thickness of the soil, the sun stone was found by those who owned its secret and knew how to see the magical image contained in it. Only in the hands of a true master did fancy figures come to life, leaving moments of life in eternity. Deposits of stone of dark shades of agalmatolite - serpentinite, are located on the Argalyga and Schettig-Arga hills, village. Ak-Turug, Ulug-Khem kozhuun of the Republic of Tuva.
From November 28 to the end of December 2013, the second exhibition of stone cutter Sergei Kashpik-oolovich Odushpay, dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the birth of the folk master of my uncle, was opened at the Aldan-Maadyr National Museum of the Republic of Tyva.
The exhibition showcases 24 stone-cutting works by the author from the museum’s funds and its partial collection, which characterize the entire theme of the stone-cutter’s creative activity.
Odushpay Sergey Kashpik-oolovich is a well-known stone cutter in Tuva, a member of the Union of Artists of the USSR and the Russian Federation since 1991. He has participated in many local republican, zonal, All-Russian, All-Union and international exhibitions since 1984.
S.K. Odushpay was born on January 21, 1958 in the village of Ilyinka, Kaa-Khem district of the Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in a family of workers. Sergey Odushpay has been involved in folk art, wood and stone carving since his school years. After graduating from high school, he entered the art department of the Kyzyl College of Arts, which was successful in 1984.
In the 1980s, Sergei Odushpay strives to master the art of stone-cutting more professionally; he visits the Aldan-Maadyr Republican Museum of Local Lore, folk stone-cutters in the Union of Artists of Tuva, where he fully perceives the traditional culture and art of the nomadic people, who have preserved the ancient origins of folk art. creativity.
Since 1984, his sculptural works have been exhibited at major exhibitions of the Union of Artists of Russia such as “Socialist Siberia” Kemerovo 1985, “Soviet Russia” Moscow 1985, “Young Artists of Russia” Moscow 1989, “Artists of the Autonomous Republics, Regions and Districts of the RSFSR Moscow 1989, “Artists of Russia - Moscow” Moscow 1997, “Russia” Moscow 2004, “Folk Art of Russia” Vologda 2008, Russia” Moscow 2009, zonal exhibitions - “Siberia” Krasnoyarsk 1991, “Crafts of Siberia” Tomsk 1997, “Siberia” Irkutsk 2003, “Siberia” Novosibirsk 2008, Crafts of Siberia” Tomsk 2011, “Skilled Master” Naryan-Mar 2011, “90th Anniversary of the TNR” Kyzyl 2011, “Around the Native Land” Kyzyl 2012
After graduating from the Kyzyl College of Arts, he began working as a graphic designer in the Kyzyl industrial trade, then as an applied artist in the experimental enterprise of folk arts and souvenirs of the Ministry of Industry of the Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
In 1991, for active participation in zonal and all-Russian art exhibitions, S.K. Odushpai was accepted into membership of the Union of Artists of the USSR, then of Russia.
S. Odushpay mostly performs his stone-cutting sculptures in light agalmatolite. His favorite themes for depiction in stone are single-figure sculptures of domestic, wild and mythical animals (arzylan, horse, mountain goat, sarlyk-yak, dragon). The ethnographic compositions are very interesting - “On the Chaylag”, “Sakman Woman”, “Stubborn Goat”, in which he, with the knowledge of a nomadic cattle breeder, depicts the daily life of Tuvan shepherds.
The exhibition features his multi-figure compositions of riders on horses in dynamic movement, remarkable in their plastic design - “Horses”, “Riders at the Races”, Equestrian Brass Band. He also carves from agalmatolite groups of animals in rapid motion - “Running gazelle”, “Running wild boars”. His historical composition “Red Convoy”, consisting of two parts, especially attracts attention. It is dedicated to the friendly assistance of the Tuvan People's Republic to units of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War.
Currently, S.K. Odushpay is in the prime of his creative powers, he is full of future creative ideas and always strives for new achievements in the fine arts of the Republic of Tyva. For many years of creative work, in honor of the 55th anniversary, Odushpay S.K. was awarded a Certificate of Honor from the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation.
In developing the traditions of his national art of sculpture, the master boldly expands the theme of plastic small forms and updates the expressive means of artistic stone processing.
A feature of the Tuvan stone-cutting craft is the strong continuity of traditions and craftsmanship. The art of stone processing is passed down from generation to generation within the same family, traditions are passed from fathers to children. Odushpay S.K. has two children: son Ertine is graduating from the Novosibirsk University, he will be a programmer, but daughter Chayana followed in her father’s footsteps, next year she will graduate from the Kyzyl College of Arts and will become like her father - an artist. I am proud of him and want to learn the art of stone cutting from him.
The work is devoted to the study of the creativity of stone cutter Odushpay Sergei Kashpik-oolovich.
The relevance of researchis also due to the fact that Tuvan stone-cutting art has come a long way in its development, achieving considerable success along this path, in particular, many works of the epic genre, various animal figures, objects, and chess were created; These works have become widely known not only in our republic, but also in other cities of Russia. Many art lovers saw them.
Object of study– uncle’s creative path – Odushpaya S.K.
Subject of study– study materials on the stone-cutting art of Tuva, their features, genres and types, follow the process of the master’s creation; study and get acquainted with some of his works.
Target consists of a systematic study and comprehensive description of the work of the master of stone-cutting art Odushpay Sergei Kashpik-oolovich.
To achieve it, the following tasks were set:
− clarification of the concepts of “chonar-dasha” and “stone-cutting art”;
Study of Toibukhaa's book “The Living Stone”;
Visit to the second exhibition of stone cutter Sergei Odushpay in the museum named after. "Aldan-Maadyr".
Drawings of his works from the exhibition, which took place at the Aldan-Maadyr Museum at the end of 2013, were used as research material.
Research methodsappeared - a method of observation and description.
Novelty of the work is that for the first time I conducted research and study of the stone-cutting art of Tuva, and most importantly, this was a study of the creative path of my uncle, the stone-cutter Odushpay Sergei Kashpik-oolovich.
They built the memorial with the whole village, everyone made their small contribution.
“These benches were built by firefighters together with local police officers, the bushes were planted by foresters, but these silver poplars were brought from somewhere by school students. We thought they wouldn’t take root, look how well they took off. Road workers from DRSU laid the asphalt... In a word, they equipped and ennobled the memorial with the whole world,” sums up the head of the village administration, Ayana Oorzhak. “They surrounded it with a fence, and for convenience they made two passages with stairs, since people were already accustomed to walking here. And nearby they even set up a small sandbox for children...
For the 70th anniversary of the Victory, not only the cladding of the main stele was replaced, but also two new ones were installed: on the first, the names of those Balgazy residents who were called to the front and returned are carved in marble, and on the second, those who laid down their lives on the battlefield. In total, there are 86 people on the lists. All this became possible only thanks to the persistence and cooperation of the honorary resident of the village, Antonina Pepelyaeva, who had long been nurturing the idea of imprinting on marble the names of all Balgazy front-line soldiers. An excellent student of public education in the USSR, Honored Teacher of the Republic of Tyva, Antonina Pepelyaeva came to Balgazyn in 1948. She worked at a local school for 60 years. She led the school forestry department for almost 40 years. I have been collecting materials about war participants almost my entire life.
“After all, back then, before perestroika, it was easier, not like it is now,” says Antonina Semyonovna. “There was still a village council, where all the documents for front-line soldiers were kept. And then, at that time there were Komsomol, pioneer organizations - the Red Pathfinders. This is how we collected the material. Everything, thank God, was saved. This is how everything has come in handy now. She knows almost everything about every Balgazy front-line soldier:
– Pakhorukov accomplished the same feat as Shumov. Berezikov is the only one who reached Berlin. And, by the way, he returned alive. Already in peacetime, he drowned in the Yenisei, saving his nephew. He saved his nephew, but he himself did not swim to the boat and drowned. But Tyryshkin was drafted in 1944, and in the spring of 1945 he already died near Berlin. All the guys from Balgazyn were drafted mainly in 1942–1943. But Tyryshkin was called up later, so for some reason he was not included in the “Book of Memory”. By the way, the “Book of Memory” says that Leonty Popelyaev died from his wounds in the hospital. And we found out that his gun crew near Kursk was crushed by a German tank... She learned about the feat of Vladimir Pakhorukov from correspondence with Leningrad local historians. They reported that during the battles near Leningrad he was captured. But he managed to escape to the partisans. One day, a partisan detachment received a task from the center: to destroy a German train with ammunition at all costs. He went to reinforce the units besieging the city. And the Nazis heavily guarded the railway. The partisans could not get close to him. Then Pakhorukov tied himself with grenades, crawled unnoticed to the embankment and threw himself under the train. At the cost of his life, he stopped the train. “When USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev signed a decree conferring the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on Kechil-ool, we also petitioned for Pakhorukov,” recalls Antonina Semyonovna. “But they told us that we needed to find eyewitnesses, witnesses from the partisan detachment. And so the matter died down. Most of the front-line soldiers, whose names are imprinted on the steles, no longer have relatives and loved ones left in Balgazyn. Today they were found and invited to the parade, which was held in Balgazyn for the first time on May 9. Those who were able came. As expected, a rally was held at the renovated memorial. And in the parade, in addition to firefighters, foresters and police officers, schoolchildren took part. Even the first-graders walked in an orderly line, making their own drummer costumes. Students from a local vocational school published a colorful album, which was donated to the village library.
As part of the “My Victory” campaign, monuments were erected on the graves of veterans of the Great Patriotic War, and to this day Balgazyn “Young Guards” and high school students of the MBOU secondary school in the village of Balgazyn are engaged in arranging the graves.
